Genetics Chapter Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is defined as the study of heredity?

  • Philosophy
  • Evolution
  • Genetics (correct)
  • Genomics

Who is known as the 'father of genetics'?

  • Watson
  • Darwin
  • Crick
  • Mendel (correct)

What is the definition of genotype?

  • Same alleles in a pair of chromosomes
  • Genetic expression represented by letters (correct)
  • Physical characteristics of an organism
  • Fertilized egg

What does the term 'testcross' refer to?

<p>Crossing a known genotype with a fully recessive one (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What represents homozygous chromosomes?

<p>BB or bb (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of 'allele'?

<p>A specific form of a gene (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many chromosomes do humans have in total?

<p>23 pairs or 46 total (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'F1' stand for in genetics?

<p>First generation (Filial) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a gamete?

<p>A sex cell (egg or sperm) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does phenotypic expression refer to?

<p>The physical appearance of an organism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two chromosomes that make up a female?

<p>XX (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a dominant trait?

<p>Always expressed regardless of one parent passing it (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is codominance?

<p>When both traits are fully expressed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of recessive traits?

<p>They require one copy from each parent to be expressed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in incomplete dominance?

<p>Traits completely blend into a new phenotype (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which trait is an example of a polygenic trait?

<p>Skin color (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four main blood types?

<p>A, B, AB, O (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Rh factor represent in blood typing?

<p>An antigen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes multiple alleles in genetics?

<p>They are variations of a gene that govern a single trait. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Height is considered a polygenic trait because it is influenced by:

<p>Multiple genes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does sex-linked inheritance refer to?

<p>Traits linked to genes on the sex chromosomes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Law of Segregation state?

<p>Each gamete receives only one of the two copies of a gene. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the Law of Independent Assortment?

<p>Genes are inherited independently from each other. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of inheritance is associated with genes located on the Y chromosome?

<p>Y-linked inheritance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a feature of the Law of Segregation?

<p>Both alleles of a gene are present in each gamete. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the genotype of the man with albinism?

<p>nn (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the F2 generation are expected to exhibit the albino phenotype?

<p>25% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the phenotype of the F1 generation offspring?

<p>100% Normal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many different genotypes are present in the F2 generation?

<p>Three (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which genotype corresponds to normal pigmentation in the offspring of the F2 generation?

<p>Both B and C (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant benefit of stem cell therapy?

<p>It can create organs and repair damaged tissues. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common concern regarding genetically modified food?

<p>It may pose long-term unknown health issues. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a potential downside of cloning?

<p>It may lead to ethical and unknown problems. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential benefit of DNA profiling?

<p>It helps create a comprehensive DNA database for crime solving. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ethical concern is associated with the concept of designer babies?

<p>It challenges the natural process of reproduction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the genotype of the normally pigmented woman in Problem 24?

<p>Nn (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the phenotype of all the children in Problem 24?

<p>Five albino and five normal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would the possible genotypes of the F2 generation be in Problem 25?

<p>RRBB, RRBb, RrBB, RrBb, rrBB, rrBb, Rrbb, and rrbb (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following genotypes represents a rough, black guinea pig in Problem 25?

<p>RrBb (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Problem 25, what ratio of the F2 generation is smooth, white?

<p>1/16 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the phenotypic ratio expected for the offspring from the cross RrBb x RrBb?

<p>9:3:3:1 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What genotype corresponds to a Rough White phenotype from the Punnett square?

<p>RRbb (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which genotype will yield offspring that are all Rough Black when crossed with RrBb?

<p>RRBb (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following phenotypes would be least likely to appear in the offspring from the cross RrBb x RrBb?

<p>Smooth White (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many genotypes can result from the cross RrBb x RrBb, based on the Punnett square?

<p>9 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the possible genotypes of the offspring when an F1 guinea pig is crossed with a fully recessive guinea pig?

<p>RrBb, Rrbb, rrBb, rrbb (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the phenotype ratio of the offspring if an F1 guinea pig is crossed with a fully recessive guinea pig?

<p>4 Rough Black : 4 Rough White : 4 Smooth Black : 4 Smooth White (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a rough, white male is crossed with a smooth, black female and produces four different phenotypes, what are the possible parental genotypes?

<p>Rbb x rrB (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phenotype is NOT represented among the offspring from the specified crosses?

<p>Curly White (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the genotypes of the guinea pigs in the crosses?

<p>At least one parent carries a recessive allele. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Genetics

The study of heredity and how traits are passed from parents to offspring.

Mendel

The scientist who discovered the basic principles of heredity using pea plants.

Hybrid

An offspring resulting from parents with different traits.

Testcross

A cross to determine the genotype of an organism with an unknown genotype.

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Allele

Different forms of a gene.

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F2 Generation

The offspring produced from crossing two individuals from the F1 generation.

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Genotype

The genetic makeup of an organism, represented by letters (e.g., BB, bb, Bb).

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Phenotype

The physical appearance of an organism based on its genotype.

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Homozygous

Having two identical alleles for a trait (e.g., BB or bb).

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Heterozygous

Having two different alleles for a trait (e.g., Bb).

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Female chromosomes

Two X chromosomes (XX) determine a female.

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Male chromosomes

One X and one Y chromosome (XY) determine a male.

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Dominant trait

A trait that is expressed even if only one parent passes it on.

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Recessive trait

A trait that is only expressed if the child receives the recessive gene from both parents.

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Codominance

Both traits are fully expressed, resulting in offspring showing both.

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Polygenic Trait

A trait controlled by multiple genes, resulting in a wide range of expressions.

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What is a polygenic trait example?

Skin color, eye color, hair color, and height are examples of polygenic traits because they are influenced by multiple genes, leading to a wide variety of expressions.

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Blood Types

There are four blood types: A, B, AB, and O. They are determined by the presence or absence of specific antigens on red blood cells.

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Rh Factor

Rh factor is an antigen found on red blood cells. It is either present (positive, +) or absent (negative, -).

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Multiple Alleles

A trait controlled by more than two alleles, like blood type. Each individual can only have two alleles, but there are multiple possibilities.

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Sex-Linked Inheritance

Traits determined by genes on the sex chromosomes (X or Y).

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Law of Segregation

When an organism makes sperm or egg cells, each cell receives only one copy of each gene. This is like splitting a pair of shoes, each gamete gets one shoe.

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What's the Law of Independent Assortment?

Genes are inherited independently of each other. The allele received for one gene doesn't affect the allele received for another gene.

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How does sex-linked inheritance differ from regular inheritance?

Sex-linked inheritance involves genes located on the X or Y chromosomes, influencing traits related to sex, while regular inheritance involves genes on non-sex chromosomes, affecting a broader range of traits.

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Why is the Law of Segregation important?

It ensures that each offspring receives a unique combination of genes from both parents, leading to genetic diversity.

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RrBb x RrBb

A genetic cross between two individuals with heterozygous genotypes for both traits.

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Punnett Square

A diagram used to predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from a genetic cross.

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Phenotypic Ratio

The ratio of different physical appearances in the offspring.

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Genotypic Ratio

The ratio of different genetic makeup in the offspring.

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Incomplete Cross

A genetic cross where not all possible gametes are represented in the Punnett square.

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Punnett Square: F1

A diagram used to predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from a cross between two parents. In the F1 generation, all offspring inherit one dominant and one recessive allele, resulting in a phenotype displaying the dominant trait.

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Punnett Square: F2

A diagram used to predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from a cross between two individuals from the F1 generation. In the F2 generation, the recessive trait can reappear.

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F1 Guinea Pig

The first generation of offspring resulting from a cross between two purebred guinea pigs with contrasting traits.

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Recessive Guinea Pig

A guinea pig carrying two copies of the recessive allele for a specific trait, resulting in the expression of that recessive trait.

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Albino trait

A lack of melanin pigment, resulting in pale skin, hair, and eyes. It's a recessive trait, meaning two copies of the recessive allele are needed for the trait to be expressed.

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