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Questions and Answers
What is the average weight gain expected during pregnancy?
What is the average weight gain expected during pregnancy?
Which vitamin is essential for DNA synthesis and significantly reduces the risk of neural tube defects when taken before conception and during the first trimester?
Which vitamin is essential for DNA synthesis and significantly reduces the risk of neural tube defects when taken before conception and during the first trimester?
What is the recommended daily intake of iron during pregnancy to prevent iron deficiency anemia?
What is the recommended daily intake of iron during pregnancy to prevent iron deficiency anemia?
Which physiological change during pregnancy results in a 40-50% increase that helps eliminate waste products?
Which physiological change during pregnancy results in a 40-50% increase that helps eliminate waste products?
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What potential adverse effect can occur with excessive intake of folic acid?
What potential adverse effect can occur with excessive intake of folic acid?
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What is the role of helicase in DNA replication?
What is the role of helicase in DNA replication?
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During transcription, which nucleotide does uracil replace in RNA?
During transcription, which nucleotide does uracil replace in RNA?
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What is the primary function of ribosomes in translation?
What is the primary function of ribosomes in translation?
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Which of the following is true about the role of integrins in cell membranes?
Which of the following is true about the role of integrins in cell membranes?
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Which proteins are primarily responsible for muscle contraction?
Which proteins are primarily responsible for muscle contraction?
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What role do enzymes serve in cellular metabolism?
What role do enzymes serve in cellular metabolism?
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Which proteins aid in maintaining cell shape and facilitating movement?
Which proteins aid in maintaining cell shape and facilitating movement?
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Which of the following proteins is the most abundant in the human body?
Which of the following proteins is the most abundant in the human body?
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What is the half-life of a drug?
What is the half-life of a drug?
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Which factor is NOT typically associated with the excretion of drugs from the body?
Which factor is NOT typically associated with the excretion of drugs from the body?
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What does bioavailability refer to?
What does bioavailability refer to?
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How do genetic variants affect drug metabolism?
How do genetic variants affect drug metabolism?
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What is the function of the foramen ovale during fetal circulation?
What is the function of the foramen ovale during fetal circulation?
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Which of the following factors does NOT influence pharmacokinetic (PK) processes?
Which of the following factors does NOT influence pharmacokinetic (PK) processes?
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At which stage does surfactant production begin in the fetal lungs?
At which stage does surfactant production begin in the fetal lungs?
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What is a therapeutic window?
What is a therapeutic window?
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What is the primary developmental milestone related to weight during the first year of life?
What is the primary developmental milestone related to weight during the first year of life?
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Which developmental feature begins to grow on the fetus during weeks 13-24?
Which developmental feature begins to grow on the fetus during weeks 13-24?
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How does competition for active transporters influence drug interactions?
How does competition for active transporters influence drug interactions?
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What role do G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) play in pharmacodynamics?
What role do G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) play in pharmacodynamics?
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What happens to the lungs in the final weeks of fetal development (weeks 37-40)?
What happens to the lungs in the final weeks of fetal development (weeks 37-40)?
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What is the primary role of beta agonists like albuterol in the treatment of asthma?
What is the primary role of beta agonists like albuterol in the treatment of asthma?
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What can occur if ion channel receptors are excessively activated or inhibited?
What can occur if ion channel receptors are excessively activated or inhibited?
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How do antagonists function in the body?
How do antagonists function in the body?
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What is the difference between efficacy and potency in pharmacology?
What is the difference between efficacy and potency in pharmacology?
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What characterizes a typical dose-response curve?
What characterizes a typical dose-response curve?
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What is a potential side effect of partial agonists?
What is a potential side effect of partial agonists?
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What happens in additive drug interactions?
What happens in additive drug interactions?
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Which of the following is an example of adverse effects from agonists?
Which of the following is an example of adverse effects from agonists?
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What hormone is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland to increase water reabsorption in kidneys?
What hormone is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland to increase water reabsorption in kidneys?
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Which of the following occurs when the body is in a hypertonic solution?
Which of the following occurs when the body is in a hypertonic solution?
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What is the primary site of metabolic activity containing a high concentration of potassium?
What is the primary site of metabolic activity containing a high concentration of potassium?
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Which electrolyte is crucial for maintaining osmotic pressure and fluid balance in the body?
Which electrolyte is crucial for maintaining osmotic pressure and fluid balance in the body?
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What triggers the sensation of thirst when the body is dehydrated?
What triggers the sensation of thirst when the body is dehydrated?
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What happens when aldosterone is released in response to low sodium or blood pressure?
What happens when aldosterone is released in response to low sodium or blood pressure?
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Which process describes the movement of fluid from the capillaries into the surrounding tissues?
Which process describes the movement of fluid from the capillaries into the surrounding tissues?
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What is the normal range of sodium in mEq/L?
What is the normal range of sodium in mEq/L?
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What is the primary function of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)?
What is the primary function of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)?
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Which of the following influences filtration in the capillaries?
Which of the following influences filtration in the capillaries?
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What stimulates the kidneys to release renin?
What stimulates the kidneys to release renin?
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In which type of solution does net water movement remain unchanged?
In which type of solution does net water movement remain unchanged?
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What do baroreceptors detect in the body?
What do baroreceptors detect in the body?
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Which electrolyte is critical for muscle contraction, especially in the heart?
Which electrolyte is critical for muscle contraction, especially in the heart?
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Study Notes
Genetics, Protein Production, & Cell Communication
- DNA replication copies itself before cell division. Three parts: initiation, priming, and elongation.
- Initiation uses helicase to unwind DNA, creating single strands.
- Priming uses primase to add short RNA primers to single-stranded DNA templates.
- Elongation uses DNA polymerase to add DNA nucleotides.
- Termination occurs once the DNA is copied, and the process is proofread for errors.
Transcription
- Transcription copies information encoded in DNA into messenger RNA (mRNA).
- Initiation involves RNA polymerase binding to a specific DNA region and unwinding the DNA
- Elongation occurs as RNA polymerase moves along DNA, synthesizing an mRNA molecule complementary to the DNA template. Uracil replaces thymine in RNA (A=U, C=G).
- Termination occurs when RNA polymerase reaches a terminator sequence. The newly formed mRNA is released.
Translation
- Translation uses mRNA to build a corresponding protein.
- Ribosomes read sets of three nucleotides (codons) to build the protein.
Protein Function
- Cytoskeletal proteins (actin, tubulin, intermediate filaments) maintain cell shape, support, and enable movement in cells.
- Cell membrane proteins (integrins, cadherins) anchor cells to the extracellular matrix.
- Collagen provides structural support to connective tissues in the body.
- Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions within cells.
- Transport proteins, like hemoglobin, regulate ion and nutrient transport across cell membranes.
- Signaling proteins enable cells to communicate with each other and respond to environmental changes.
- Gene regulation proteins control the expression of genes.
Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Receptors (inotropic)
- Structure: multiple subunits, extracellular ligand-binding site, transmembrane segments forming a channel.
- Function: Ion channel opening/closing in response to ligand binding, allowing ions to flow in/out of the cell. This creates a rapid response involved in synaptic transmission.
G Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs)
- Structure: single polypeptide chain, crossing the membrane seven times. Extracellular ligand-binding site, intracellular G protein binding site.
- Function: Signal amplification via second messengers, leading to a variety of cellular responses like gene expression, metabolism, or ion channel modulation. The effects last longer.
Pharmacokinetics
- Describe common routes of drug administration (IV, IM, PO, Subq, Sublingual, Rectal, Vaginal).
- Compare benefits and disadvantages of different routes.
ANS Receptors
- Their effects on target organs/tissues must be identified.
Pharmacokinetic Processes (ADME)
- Absorption: Drug enters bloodstream after administration, influencing factors are routes: (Oral, Iv, Im, etc.) and others.
- Distribution: Drug transport throughout the body via bloodstream to site of action, influenced by factors like blood flow, plasma protein binding, lipid solubility, and tissue perfusion.
- Metabolism: Alteration of drug by enzymes, often in the liver, influenced by factors like liver function, CYP450 enzymes, and genetic factors.
- Excretion: Elimination of drugs from the body, influenced by factors like kidney function, age, genetic factors, diet, and comorbid conditions.
Pharmacokinetic Parameters
- Half-life: time for drug concentration to reduce by half.
- Volume of distribution: hypothetical volume relating drug amount in the body to concentration in plasma.
Drug Interactions
- Potential for Interactions based on PK. Drugs competing for transporters, binding proteins or differing metabolism pathways create possible interactions.
Genetic Variants and Metabolism
- CYP450 enzymes influence drug metabolism. Genetic variants can alter metabolism. Different levels of metabolizers include poor, intermediate and extensive metabolizers.
Neurotransmitters
- Discuss the effects of different neurotransmitters like Glutamate, Serotonin, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, GABA, Dopamine, Acetylcholine, Oxytocin, Histamine, Substance P, and Nitric Oxide.
Pregnancy Hormones
- Progesterone and Estrogen, their function, and roles in uterine lining, fetal development and immune suppression.
Formation, Function, and Flow of Blood Through the Placenta
- Trophoblast differentiation into placental tissue.
- Nutrient and gas exchange takes place in the placental villi, through maternal and fetal blood.
- Immunological protection and hormone production are placental functions.
Body's Response to Pregnancy
- Increased blood volume, cardiac output, and heart rate.
- Changes in blood pressure, especially diastolic values.
- Physiological adjustments in vascular system.
Pediatric Development
- Describe general growth patterns in children.
- Understand influence of critical/sensitive developmental periods.
- Understand how factors like genetics, environment, physical status, psychosocial factors, and family structure can affect pediatric development.
Pediatric Specific Vitamins, Minerals, and Dietary Supplements
- Describes the actions of folic acid and iron concerning specific conditions in pediatric development.
Drug Regulation and Pregnancy
- Prior to 2015, drug safety during pregnancy was described using categories: A-C-D-X.
- After 2015, a more detailed approach is used to evaluate drug effects on reproductive health and to identify potential risk to fetus.
Fetal and Pediatric Development
- Embryonic and Fetal periods, including tissue and circulatory development.
Inflammation and Immunity, Wound Healing
- Three lines of defense, roles of specific cells, mediators, systemic response/manifestations, and phases of wound healing.
Pain and Analgesics
- Describe the phases of nociception.
- Explain the role of neurotransmitters.
- Differentiate among different types of pain.
- Describe treatment modalities for pain control.
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Description
Explore the key concepts of genetics focusing on DNA replication, transcription, and translation processes. This quiz covers the roles of enzymes like helicase and RNA polymerase, and how genetic information is translated into proteins. Test your understanding of these fundamental biological mechanisms.
