Genetics Chapter on Protein Production
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Questions and Answers

What is the average weight gain expected during pregnancy?

  • 30-40 pounds
  • 10-15 pounds
  • 25-35 pounds (correct)
  • 15-20 pounds

Which vitamin is essential for DNA synthesis and significantly reduces the risk of neural tube defects when taken before conception and during the first trimester?

  • Iron
  • Folic acid (correct)
  • Vitamin C
  • Vitamin D

What is the recommended daily intake of iron during pregnancy to prevent iron deficiency anemia?

  • 50 mg
  • 27 mg (correct)
  • 18 mg
  • 35 mg

Which physiological change during pregnancy results in a 40-50% increase that helps eliminate waste products?

<p>Glomerular filtration rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential adverse effect can occur with excessive intake of folic acid?

<p>Masking of vitamin B12 deficiency (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of helicase in DNA replication?

<p>To unwind the double helix of DNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During transcription, which nucleotide does uracil replace in RNA?

<p>Thymine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ribosomes in translation?

<p>To read messenger RNA codons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the role of integrins in cell membranes?

<p>They anchor cells to the extracellular matrix (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which proteins are primarily responsible for muscle contraction?

<p>Actin and myosin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do enzymes serve in cellular metabolism?

<p>They act as catalysts to speed up reactions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which proteins aid in maintaining cell shape and facilitating movement?

<p>Cytoskeleton proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following proteins is the most abundant in the human body?

<p>Collagen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the half-life of a drug?

<p>The time it takes for plasma concentration of a drug to reduce by half. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT typically associated with the excretion of drugs from the body?

<p>Age of the patient (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does bioavailability refer to?

<p>The proportion of drug that reaches systemic circulation in an active form after administration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do genetic variants affect drug metabolism?

<p>They categorize individuals based on their metabolic capacities with CYP450. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the foramen ovale during fetal circulation?

<p>Facilitates blood flow between the atria of the heart (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT influence pharmacokinetic (PK) processes?

<p>Dietary preferences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At which stage does surfactant production begin in the fetal lungs?

<p>Weeks 13-24 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a therapeutic window?

<p>The range of drug concentrations that are effective without being toxic. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary developmental milestone related to weight during the first year of life?

<p>Double the birth weight by 6 months (B), Triple the birth weight by 12 months (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which developmental feature begins to grow on the fetus during weeks 13-24?

<p>Lanugo (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does competition for active transporters influence drug interactions?

<p>It can reduce the bioavailability of either drug involved. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) play in pharmacodynamics?

<p>They activate signaling cascades inside cells using secondary messengers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the lungs in the final weeks of fetal development (weeks 37-40)?

<p>They reach maturity and are ready for birth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of beta agonists like albuterol in the treatment of asthma?

<p>To activate receptors causing bronchodilation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can occur if ion channel receptors are excessively activated or inhibited?

<p>Adverse side effects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do antagonists function in the body?

<p>They bind to receptors without triggering activation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between efficacy and potency in pharmacology?

<p>Efficacy is the maximum effect achievable, while potency is the amount needed for an effect. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a typical dose-response curve?

<p>S-shaped curve indicating therapeutic index (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential side effect of partial agonists?

<p>Less pronounced side effects compared to full agonists (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens in additive drug interactions?

<p>Two drugs with similar actions produce a combined effect equal to their individual effects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of adverse effects from agonists?

<p>An increase in heart rate from opioid use (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland to increase water reabsorption in kidneys?

<p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following occurs when the body is in a hypertonic solution?

<p>Cells shrink as water moves out (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary site of metabolic activity containing a high concentration of potassium?

<p>Intracellular fluid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which electrolyte is crucial for maintaining osmotic pressure and fluid balance in the body?

<p>Sodium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the sensation of thirst when the body is dehydrated?

<p>Hypothalamus stimulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when aldosterone is released in response to low sodium or blood pressure?

<p>Promotes sodium retention (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process describes the movement of fluid from the capillaries into the surrounding tissues?

<p>Filtration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range of sodium in mEq/L?

<p>135-145 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)?

<p>Promote natriuresis and water excretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following influences filtration in the capillaries?

<p>Interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates the kidneys to release renin?

<p>Decreased blood pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of solution does net water movement remain unchanged?

<p>Isotonic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do baroreceptors detect in the body?

<p>Blood pressure changes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which electrolyte is critical for muscle contraction, especially in the heart?

<p>Calcium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

DNA Replication

The process by which a cell creates a copy of its DNA before cell division.

Transcription

The process of copying DNA information into mRNA.

Translation

Building a protein using the mRNA template.

Protein Function

Proteins have various roles, including structural support, catalyzing reactions (enzymes), and transporting molecules.

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Cytoskeleton Proteins

Proteins like actin and tubulin that provide structure and enable cell movement.

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Membrane Proteins

Proteins embedded in the cell membrane, with roles in structure and transport.

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Collagen

A protein that provides structural support, especially in connective tissues.

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Enzyme

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions in the cell.

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Drug Metabolism

The process of changing a drug into different forms (metabolites).

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Half-life (t1/2)

Time taken for drug concentration in the blood to decrease by half.

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Volume of Distribution (Vd)

Theoretical volume that relates the amount of drug in the body to its concentration in the blood.

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Therapeutic Window

Range of drug concentrations that are effective without being toxic.

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CYP450 Enzyme

Liver enzyme that metabolizes many drugs.

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Protein Binding

Percentage of a drug bound to plasma proteins.

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G-protein Coupled Receptors (GPCR)

Large receptor family, triggering cellular signaling pathways.

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Drug Excretion

Elimination of drugs and their byproducts (metabolites) from the body, mainly through kidneys.

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Agonist

A drug that binds to a receptor and activates it, mimicking the action of a natural substance.

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Antagonist

A drug that binds to a receptor but does not activate it, blocking receptor activation.

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Dose-response curve

A graph showing the relationship between drug concentration and effect, typically exhibiting an S-shape.

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Efficacy

The maximum effect a drug can produce regardless of the dose.

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Potency

The amount of drug required to produce a specific effect.

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Additive drug interactions

When two drugs with similar actions are combined, the resulting effect is the sum of individual effects.

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Ion channel receptors

Receptors that control the flow of ions in/out of a cell, affecting cell activity.

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Enzyme-linked receptors

Receptors that trigger intracellular enzymatic pathways, influencing cell activity.

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Varicose veins & hemorrhoids

These conditions occur due to increased blood volume and pressure in veins, commonly during pregnancy.

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Increased tidal volume during pregnancy

The amount of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath increases by 30-40% during pregnancy.

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Folic acid's role

Folic acid is crucial for DNA synthesis and cell division, helping prevent neural tube defects like spina bifida and anencephaly.

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Iron's function during pregnancy

Iron is essential for producing hemoglobin, carrying oxygen in the blood. It prevents iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy.

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How iron absorption is affected

Vitamin C enhances iron absorption. Ferrous iron is better absorbed than ferric iron. Eating iron-rich foods with meals can reduce absorption.

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Fetal Circulation: Ductus Venosus

A blood vessel that connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava, allowing most oxygenated blood from the placenta to bypass the liver and directly enter the heart.

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Fetal Circulation: Foramen Ovale

An opening in the septum between the right and left atria of the fetal heart. This allows oxygenated blood from the right atrium to bypass the pulmonary circulation and directly enter the left atrium.

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Fetal Circulation: Ductus Arteriosus

A blood vessel connecting the pulmonary artery to the aorta, allowing blood to bypass the lungs and directly enter the systemic circulation.

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Surfactant Production

A lipoprotein substance produced in the alveoli of the lungs during the fetal stage, which reduces surface tension and allows for alveolar expansion at birth.

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Lung Maturity (Weeks 37-40)

The lungs are fully developed and capable of independent breathing, with sufficient surfactant production to prevent alveolar collapse. This marks the end of the fetal period and the readiness for birth.

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Total Body Water

The total amount of water in the body, usually expressed as a percentage of body weight.

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Fluid Intake

The amount of water and other fluids consumed daily.

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Fluid Loss

Water and other fluids lost from the body through processes like sweating, breathing, and urination.

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Kidneys: Filtration

The process where the kidneys remove waste products and excess fluid from the blood, forming urine.

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Glomerular Filtrate

The fluid that is filtered from the blood in the glomeruli of the kidneys.

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Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Hormone produced by the posterior pituitary gland that helps the kidneys reabsorb water, reducing urine output.

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Aldosterone

Hormone produced by the adrenal glands that helps the kidneys retain sodium and water, raising blood pressure and volume.

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Thirst Mechanism

The physiological mechanism that triggers feelings of thirst when the body is dehydrated or blood becomes too concentrated.

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Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

The fluid found inside cells, making up about 60% of total body water.

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Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

The fluid found outside cells, making up about 40% of total body water.

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Interstitial Fluid

Fluid in the spaces between cells, filling spaces around tissues and organs. It makes up about 75% of the ECF.

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Intravascular Fluid (Plasma)

The fluid within blood vessels. It makes up about 20% of the ECF.

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Osmosis

The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from areas of low solute concentration to high solute concentration.

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Hypotonic Solution

A solution with lower solute concentration than the cell. Water moves INTO the cell.

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Hypertonic Solution

A solution with a higher solute concentration than the cell. Water moves OUT of the cell.

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Study Notes

Genetics, Protein Production, & Cell Communication

  • DNA replication copies itself before cell division. Three parts: initiation, priming, and elongation.
  • Initiation uses helicase to unwind DNA, creating single strands.
  • Priming uses primase to add short RNA primers to single-stranded DNA templates.
  • Elongation uses DNA polymerase to add DNA nucleotides.
  • Termination occurs once the DNA is copied, and the process is proofread for errors.

Transcription

  • Transcription copies information encoded in DNA into messenger RNA (mRNA).
  • Initiation involves RNA polymerase binding to a specific DNA region and unwinding the DNA
  • Elongation occurs as RNA polymerase moves along DNA, synthesizing an mRNA molecule complementary to the DNA template. Uracil replaces thymine in RNA (A=U, C=G).
  • Termination occurs when RNA polymerase reaches a terminator sequence. The newly formed mRNA is released.

Translation

  • Translation uses mRNA to build a corresponding protein.
  • Ribosomes read sets of three nucleotides (codons) to build the protein.

Protein Function

  • Cytoskeletal proteins (actin, tubulin, intermediate filaments) maintain cell shape, support, and enable movement in cells.
  • Cell membrane proteins (integrins, cadherins) anchor cells to the extracellular matrix.
  • Collagen provides structural support to connective tissues in the body.
  • Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions within cells.
  • Transport proteins, like hemoglobin, regulate ion and nutrient transport across cell membranes.
  • Signaling proteins enable cells to communicate with each other and respond to environmental changes.
  • Gene regulation proteins control the expression of genes.

Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Receptors (inotropic)

  • Structure: multiple subunits, extracellular ligand-binding site, transmembrane segments forming a channel.
  • Function: Ion channel opening/closing in response to ligand binding, allowing ions to flow in/out of the cell. This creates a rapid response involved in synaptic transmission.

G Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs)

  • Structure: single polypeptide chain, crossing the membrane seven times. Extracellular ligand-binding site, intracellular G protein binding site.
  • Function: Signal amplification via second messengers, leading to a variety of cellular responses like gene expression, metabolism, or ion channel modulation. The effects last longer.

Pharmacokinetics

  • Describe common routes of drug administration (IV, IM, PO, Subq, Sublingual, Rectal, Vaginal).
  • Compare benefits and disadvantages of different routes.

ANS Receptors

  • Their effects on target organs/tissues must be identified.

Pharmacokinetic Processes (ADME)

  • Absorption: Drug enters bloodstream after administration, influencing factors are routes: (Oral, Iv, Im, etc.) and others.
  • Distribution: Drug transport throughout the body via bloodstream to site of action, influenced by factors like blood flow, plasma protein binding, lipid solubility, and tissue perfusion.
  • Metabolism: Alteration of drug by enzymes, often in the liver, influenced by factors like liver function, CYP450 enzymes, and genetic factors.
  • Excretion: Elimination of drugs from the body, influenced by factors like kidney function, age, genetic factors, diet, and comorbid conditions.

Pharmacokinetic Parameters

  • Half-life: time for drug concentration to reduce by half.
  • Volume of distribution: hypothetical volume relating drug amount in the body to concentration in plasma.

Drug Interactions

  • Potential for Interactions based on PK. Drugs competing for transporters, binding proteins or differing metabolism pathways create possible interactions.

Genetic Variants and Metabolism

  • CYP450 enzymes influence drug metabolism. Genetic variants can alter metabolism. Different levels of metabolizers include poor, intermediate and extensive metabolizers.

Neurotransmitters

  • Discuss the effects of different neurotransmitters like Glutamate, Serotonin, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, GABA, Dopamine, Acetylcholine, Oxytocin, Histamine, Substance P, and Nitric Oxide.

Pregnancy Hormones

  • Progesterone and Estrogen, their function, and roles in uterine lining, fetal development and immune suppression.

Formation, Function, and Flow of Blood Through the Placenta

  • Trophoblast differentiation into placental tissue.
  • Nutrient and gas exchange takes place in the placental villi, through maternal and fetal blood.
  • Immunological protection and hormone production are placental functions.

Body's Response to Pregnancy

  • Increased blood volume, cardiac output, and heart rate.
  • Changes in blood pressure, especially diastolic values.
  • Physiological adjustments in vascular system.

Pediatric Development

  • Describe general growth patterns in children.
  • Understand influence of critical/sensitive developmental periods.
  • Understand how factors like genetics, environment, physical status, psychosocial factors, and family structure can affect pediatric development.

Pediatric Specific Vitamins, Minerals, and Dietary Supplements

  • Describes the actions of folic acid and iron concerning specific conditions in pediatric development.

Drug Regulation and Pregnancy

  • Prior to 2015, drug safety during pregnancy was described using categories: A-C-D-X.
  • After 2015, a more detailed approach is used to evaluate drug effects on reproductive health and to identify potential risk to fetus.

Fetal and Pediatric Development

  • Embryonic and Fetal periods, including tissue and circulatory development.

Inflammation and Immunity, Wound Healing

  • Three lines of defense, roles of specific cells, mediators, systemic response/manifestations, and phases of wound healing.

Pain and Analgesics

  • Describe the phases of nociception.
  • Explain the role of neurotransmitters.
  • Differentiate among different types of pain.
  • Describe treatment modalities for pain control.

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Description

Explore the key concepts of genetics focusing on DNA replication, transcription, and translation processes. This quiz covers the roles of enzymes like helicase and RNA polymerase, and how genetic information is translated into proteins. Test your understanding of these fundamental biological mechanisms.

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