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Questions and Answers
What is the significance of Mendel's finding regarding the inheritance of traits?
What is the significance of Mendel's finding regarding the inheritance of traits?
- It confirmed that traits are inherited universally.
- It introduced the concept of separate convenience.
- It led to the law of independent assortment. (correct)
- It established a law of dominance. (correct)
Which genotype describes a child in a Punnett square that has one dominant and one recessive allele for freckles?
Which genotype describes a child in a Punnett square that has one dominant and one recessive allele for freckles?
- ff
- FfFf
- Ff (correct)
- FF
For a cross where one parent is homozygous dominant for freckles and the other is homozygous recessive, what would the expected phenotype ratio be in the offspring?
For a cross where one parent is homozygous dominant for freckles and the other is homozygous recessive, what would the expected phenotype ratio be in the offspring?
- 1:2:1
- 4:0 (correct)
- 2:2
- 3:1
In a Punnett square, which box would represent a child with a genotype of ff for the freckles trait?
In a Punnett square, which box would represent a child with a genotype of ff for the freckles trait?
What is the main function of a Punnett square in genetics?
What is the main function of a Punnett square in genetics?
If a rabbit has one black fur allele and one brown fur allele, what is its genetic makeup referred to as?
If a rabbit has one black fur allele and one brown fur allele, what is its genetic makeup referred to as?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the law of dominance?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the law of dominance?
What is the expected genotypic ratio resulting from a homozygous dominant cross with a heterozygous individual?
What is the expected genotypic ratio resulting from a homozygous dominant cross with a heterozygous individual?
What is the expected phenotypic ratio from a homozygous dominant and heterozygous monohybrid cross?
What is the expected phenotypic ratio from a homozygous dominant and heterozygous monohybrid cross?
Which of the following describes the outcome of a heterozygous monohybrid cross?
Which of the following describes the outcome of a heterozygous monohybrid cross?
If both parents are homozygous, what will be the phenotypic outcome of their offspring?
If both parents are homozygous, what will be the phenotypic outcome of their offspring?
What term describes the genetic makeup of an individual?
What term describes the genetic makeup of an individual?
How is probability calculated in genetics?
How is probability calculated in genetics?
In a test cross, what is the main purpose?
In a test cross, what is the main purpose?
What identifies a trait as sex-linked?
What identifies a trait as sex-linked?
What term describes a genetic cross involving only one trait?
What term describes a genetic cross involving only one trait?
What is the expected probability that the offspring of a homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive individual will exhibit the dominant phenotype?
What is the expected probability that the offspring of a homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive individual will exhibit the dominant phenotype?
Which term accurately describes an organism with two identical alleles for a particular trait?
Which term accurately describes an organism with two identical alleles for a particular trait?
When two organisms with different phenotypes are crossed, what is the expected phenotypic ratio of the offspring if the traits exhibit simple dominance?
When two organisms with different phenotypes are crossed, what is the expected phenotypic ratio of the offspring if the traits exhibit simple dominance?
If an individual has the genotype AaBb, which of the following statements is true?
If an individual has the genotype AaBb, which of the following statements is true?
Which of the following is an example of incomplete dominance?
Which of the following is an example of incomplete dominance?
Which factor can modify an organism's phenotype without altering its genotype?
Which factor can modify an organism's phenotype without altering its genotype?
If two parents with type A and type O blood types have a child, which of the following blood types is not possible for their child?
If two parents with type A and type O blood types have a child, which of the following blood types is not possible for their child?
What does the term 'linked genes' refer to in genetics?
What does the term 'linked genes' refer to in genetics?
Flashcards
Law of Independent Assortment
Law of Independent Assortment
The inheritance of one trait doesn't affect the inheritance of another.
Punnett Square
Punnett Square
A tool used to predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from a cross.
Homozygous
Homozygous
Having two identical alleles for a particular gene.
Heterozygous
Heterozygous
Having two different alleles for a particular gene.
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Genotype
Genotype
The genetic makeup of an organism, represented by alleles.
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Phenotype
Phenotype
The observable physical traits of an organism arising from genotype and environmental influences.
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Dominant Allele
Dominant Allele
An allele that is expressed when present, even if only one copy is present.
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Pedigree
Pedigree
A diagram showing several generations of a family and genetic characteristics.
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Polygenic inheritance
Polygenic inheritance
Inheritance of traits controlled by multiple genes.
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Multiple alleles
Multiple alleles
More than two different forms of a gene controlling a trait.
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Blood type A
Blood type A
Blood type resulting from inheriting an A allele and an O allele.
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Environmental effects on phenotype
Environmental effects on phenotype
Changes in an organism's traits due to its environment.
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Linked Genes
Linked Genes
Genes located close together on the same chromosome, often inherited together.
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Simple dominance
Simple dominance
A pattern of inheritance where one allele masks the effect of another allele.
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Blood type
Blood type
A classification of blood based on the presence or absence of specific antigens.
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Monohybrid cross (homozygous dominant x heterozygous)
Monohybrid cross (homozygous dominant x heterozygous)
A genetic cross involving a single trait where one parent is homozygous dominant and the other is heterozygous.
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Monohybrid cross (heterozygous x heterozygous)
Monohybrid cross (heterozygous x heterozygous)
A genetic cross involving a single trait where both parents are heterozygous.
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Expected genotypic ratio (heterozygous x heterozygous)
Expected genotypic ratio (heterozygous x heterozygous)
The predicted proportion of different genotypes in the offspring of a heterozygous by heterozygous cross, which is 1:2:1.
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Expected phenotypic ratio (homozygous dominant x heterozygous)
Expected phenotypic ratio (homozygous dominant x heterozygous)
The predicted proportion of different phenotypes in the offspring of a homozygous dominant by heterozygous cross, which is 3:1.
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Test cross
Test cross
A way to determine the genotype of an organism with a dominant phenotype by crossing it with a homozygous recessive organism.
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Probability
Probability
The likelihood of a specific outcome occurring, calculated by dividing the number of favorable outcomes by the total number of possible outcomes.
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Sex-linked gene
Sex-linked gene
A gene located on a sex chromosome (X or Y).
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Colorblindness
Colorblindness
A hereditary condition where an individual has difficulty distinguishing certain colors, typically caused by a sex-linked gene.
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Inheritance Multiple Choice Questions
- Inheritance: Passing traits from parents to offspring.
- Genetics: The scientific study of heredity.
- Heredity: The passing of traits from parents to offspring.
- Mendel's experiments: Different from earlier researchers in detailed and numerical procedures. Mendel used pea plants with different traits (purple/white flowers).
Mendel's Experiments and Pea Plants
- Pea plants: Good subjects for studying heredity due to quick maturation and many traits.
- P generation: Produced through self-pollination, establishing the starting generation.
- F1 generation: Result of crossing plants from the P generation, demonstrating inheritance.
- F2 generation: Result of crossing plants from the F1 generation, showing the outcome of traits.
Key Terms
- Alleles: Different forms of a gene.
- Dominant allele: Always expressed.
- Recessive allele: Only expressed when two copies are present.
- Phenotype: Observable traits.
- Genotype: Genetic makeup (alleles).
- Homozygous: Two identical alleles for a gene.
- Heterozygous: Two different alleles for a gene.
Laws of Heredity
- Law of Segregation: Alleles separate during meiosis.
- Law of Independent Assortment: Inheritance of one trait doesn't affect another.
- Chromosome structure and function: Chromosomes carry genes and determine inheritance.
Additional Concepts
- Phenotype expression: Observable trait.
- Genotype combinations: Heterozygous (Tt) or homozygous (TT,tt) representations.
- Monohybrid crosses: Crosses focusing on one trait.
- Test crosses: Determining genotypes of unknown individuals.
- Punnett squares and probability: Tools for showing possible offspring genotypes.
- Sex-linked traits: Genes carried on sex chromosomes (X or Y).
- Multiple alleles: More than two alleles for a trait.
- Polygenic inheritance: Multiple genes influence a trait.
- Incomplete dominance: Neither allele is completely dominant.
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