Genetics Basics Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is defined as the transmission and expression of characteristics or traits from parents to offspring?

  • Heredity (correct)
  • Genetic variation
  • Chromosomal evolution
  • Genetic mutation

Which of the following traits can be transmitted in humans?

  • Size of fruit
  • Shape of flowers
  • Color of eyes (correct)
  • Color of leaves

What type of organism has two sets of chromosomes referred to as homologues?

  • Polyploid organism
  • Haploid organism
  • Tetraploid organism
  • Diploid organism (correct)

During what process do diploid organisms produce gametes?

<p>Meiosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the genetic makeup inherited during fertilization?

<p>Genotype (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following traits is NOT transmissible in animals?

<p>Color and shape of leaves (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the offspring of a diploid individual inherit from each parent?

<p>One set of chromosomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the number of chromosomes during meiosis?

<p>It is halved (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are chromosomes primarily composed of?

<p>Nucleic acids and proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the diploid number of chromosomes in human body cells?

<p>46 chromosomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option correctly describes alleles?

<p>Alternative forms of a gene (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure forms during the condensation of chromosomes?

<p>Chromatid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nitrogenous bases pair together in DNA?

<p>Adenine with Thymine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell undergoes meiotic divisions to produce gametes?

<p>Reproductive cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is responsible for the formation of gametes?

<p>Meiosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the structure of DNA?

<p>Double helix (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What generation did Mendel refer to the offspring produced from the initial cross of tall and short pea plants?

<p>First filial generation (F1) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenotypic ratio did Mendel observe in the second filial generation (F2)?

<p>3 tall : 1 short (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which trait was dominant in Mendel's pea plant experiments?

<p>Tallness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the genotypic ratio for the second filial generation (F2) according to Mendel's findings?

<p>1:2:1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When Mendel crossed the F1 plants, what types of plants did he produce in the F2 generation?

<p>Tall and short plants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of characteristics did Mendel study in pea plants?

<p>Inherited characteristics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process did Mendel use to fertilize the stigma of the short plant?

<p>Cross-pollination with tall plant pollen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following traits did Mendel NOT study in his experiments?

<p>Root structure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of meiosis in terms of cell number and ploidy?

<p>Four haploid daughter cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process during prophase of meiosis contributes to genetic diversity?

<p>Crossing over (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a monohybrid cross, what is the expected phenotypic ratio?

<p>3:1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a plant has the genotype Tt, what is the probability that a gamete will contain the allele t?

<p>1/2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the probability of an event occurring represent?

<p>The number of successful trials (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the chance that two independent events will occur together?

<p>Product of their probabilities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If an albino man (homozygous recessive) marries a normal woman (homozygous dominant), what is the probability they will have an albino child?

<p>0 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does crossing over during meiosis affect alleles on chromosomes?

<p>It rearranges and mixes alleles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily stores hereditary information in all organisms?

<p>DNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of rocks are fossils primarily found in?

<p>Sedimentary rocks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a vestigial organ in humans?

<p>Appendix (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which process do mutations commonly occur?

<p>Meiosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of mutation involves sudden changes at a specific point in the DNA structure?

<p>Gene point mutations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of mutations in evolution?

<p>They provide raw materials for natural selection. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical feature is a common similarity among vertebrates?

<p>Pentadactyl limb (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which embryonic feature of humans resembles those of other organisms in early development?

<p>Gills and pouches (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main concept behind Darwin's theory of natural selection?

<p>The fittest individuals are most likely to survive and reproduce. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of divergent evolution?

<p>Related species adapt differently to various niches. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of adaptive characteristics in natural selection?

<p>They allow some individuals to survive better in their environment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a source of evidence for evolution?

<p>Astrology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does natural selection relate to extinction?

<p>Only organisms with adaptive characteristics survive and pass traits to offspring. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of modern theories of evolution, which of the following fields is NOT directly related?

<p>Mythology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about the serological tests used in understanding evolutionary relationships?

<p>They compare biochemical reactions between antigens and antibodies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does convergence in evolution refer to?

<p>Unrelated species evolving similarities due to similar environmental pressures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Heredity (Genetics)

The study of how traits are passed from parents to offspring.

Heredity/Inheritance

The passing of traits from parents to offspring.

Variation

Differences between individuals within a species.

Diploid Organism

An organism that has two sets of chromosomes.

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Gametes

Reproductive cells (sperm and egg) with half the number of chromosomes.

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Meiosis

The cell division process that creates gametes.

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Genotype

The genetic makeup of an organism (the specific genes it has).

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Zygote

A fertilized egg cell; the first cell of a new organism.

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Mendel's First Filial Generation (F1)

The generation of offspring from a cross between two purebred parent plants (one tall, one short), where all the offspring show the dominant trait (in this case, tall).

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Mendel's Second Filial Generation (F2)

The generation of offspring from a cross between two F1 plants, showing a 3:1 phenotypic ratio of dominant (tall) to recessive (short) traits.

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Dominant Trait (Tall)

A trait that is expressed in the offspring even when only one copy of the gene is present.

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Recessive Trait (Short)

A trait that is only expressed in the offspring when two copies of the gene are present.

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Phenotype Ratio (F2)

The observable expression of traits in the F2 generation (e.g. 3 tall plants : 1 short plant).

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Genotype Ratio (F2)

The genetic makeup of the F2 generation (e.g. 1:2:1 ratio of genotypes).

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Inherited Trait

A characteristic that can be passed from parents to offspring.

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Monohybrid Cross

A genetic cross between two individuals, concentrating on only one specific trait (like plant height).

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Homologous Pair

Two chromosomes that are the same size and shape and carry the same genes, but may have different versions of those genes (alleles).

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Diploid Number

The total number of chromosomes in a body cell (somatic cell). In humans, it's 46 chromosomes (23 pairs).

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Haploid Number

The number of chromosomes in a sex cell (gamete), which is half the diploid number. In humans, it's 23 chromosomes.

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Chromatid

One of the two identical copies of a chromosome that are joined together by a centromere during cell division.

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Centromere

The region where two sister chromatids are attached during cell division. It plays a role in separating chromosomes during cell division.

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DNA

A molecule that carries genetic information in the form of a double helix.

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Nucleotide

The basic building block of DNA, composed of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

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Allele

An alternative form of a gene that represents a contrasting character. For example, there are alleles for brown eyes and blue eyes.

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Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection

Organisms produce more offspring than can survive, leading to competition. Offspring vary; those with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on those beneficial traits.

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Divergent Evolution

Related species evolve differently due to differing environmental needs and opportunities.

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Convergent Evolution

Unrelated species independently evolve similar traits due to similar environmental pressures.

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Modern Theories of Evolution

These theories draw upon multiple scientific disciplines like genetics, ecology and anatomy to understand evolution.

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Evidence of Evolution (Cytology)

Similarities in the biochemical makeup and cellular structures of different organisms support evolutionary relationships.

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Serological Tests

Comparing blood proteins from different species to determine evolutionary relationships.

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Human Evolutionary Relationship

Human blood proteins are similar to great apes like chimpanzees showing close evolutionary ties.

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Evolutionary Processes

Evolutionary occurrences span across long periods and take place continuously although slowly

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Meiosis Outcome

The cell division process of meiosis results in four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes (haploid) compared to the parent cell.

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Homologous Chromosomes Separate

In meiosis I, homologous chromosome pairs separate, ensuring each daughter cell receives one chromosome from each pair.

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Sister Chromatids Separate

In meiosis II, sister chromatids (identical copies) of each chromosome separate, leading to four haploid daughter cells.

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Crossing Over: When?

Crossing over, the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes, occurs during the prophase stage of meiosis I.

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Crossing Over: Impact

Crossing over leads to new combinations of alleles on chromosomes, increasing the genetic variation in gametes.

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Probability: Basic Principle

The probability of an event occurring is calculated by dividing the number of times the event occurs by the total number of trials.

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Independent Events in Genetics

The outcome of one genetic event (e.g., allele inheritance) does not affect the outcome of another independent event.

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Combined Probability

The probability of two independent events occurring simultaneously is calculated by multiplying the probabilities of each event occurring separately.

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Molecular Record

Evolutionary relationships are determined by comparing DNA sequences across different organisms.

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Fossil Record

The preserved remains of ancient organisms found in sedimentary rocks, providing evidence of past life and evolution.

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Comparative Anatomy

Comparing anatomical structures across different species to identify shared ancestry and evolutionary relationships.

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Homologous Structures

Similar structures in different species that have a shared evolutionary origin but may serve different functions.

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Embryonic Development

Comparing the early stages of embryo development across different species reveals similarities that suggest common ancestry.

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Vestigial Organs

Reduced or non-functional organs in an organism that are remnants of structures that were functional in their ancestors.

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Mutation

A sudden change in the DNA sequence, potentially leading to new traits that can be inherited.

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Natural Selection

The process where individuals with traits better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on those advantageous traits.

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