Genetics Basics Quiz

Study Notes

Genetics is the study of heredity, genes, and genetic variation.
It is essential for understanding the diversity of life, evolution, and the inheritance of traits.

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) is a double-stranded helix made up of nucleotides (A, C, G, and T).
DNA replication is the process by which cells make an exact copy of their DNA before cell division.

A gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a specific trait or function.
A genome is the complete set of genes in an organism.
Genome size varies greatly between species, from a few hundred genes in some bacteria to tens of thousands in humans.

Gene expression is the process by which the information in a gene is converted into a functional product (protein).
It involves transcription (DNA to RNA) and translation (RNA to protein).

Mendel's laws of inheritance:
1. Law of segregation: each pair of alleles separates during gamete formation.
2. Law of independent assortment: alleles separate independently during gamete formation.
Dominant and recessive alleles: dominant alleles are expressed when paired with a recessive allele.
Autosomal dominant/recessive inheritance: traits inherited through non-sex chromosomes.
Sex-linked inheritance: traits inherited through sex chromosomes (X and Y).

Genetic variation: differences in DNA sequences between individuals or species.
Mutation: a change in the DNA sequence of an individual.
Types of mutations:
- Point mutation: a change in a single nucleotide.
- Frameshift mutation: an insertion or deletion of nucleotides, changing the reading frame.
- Chromosomal mutation: changes in chromosome number or structure.

Genetic engineering: the manipulation of an organism's genome to introduce new traits.
Genetic testing: the analysis of DNA to diagnose or predict genetic disorders.
Forensic genetics: the use of DNA analysis in forensic science.