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Questions and Answers
What is a characteristic of pre-mating barriers?
What is a characteristic of pre-mating barriers?
- They only occur in allopatric speciation.
- They prevent incompatible species from recognizing each other. (correct)
- They are solely anatomical.
- They guarantee successful mating rituals.
What process is described by the rapid evolution of multiple species from a common ancestor due to environmental opportunities?
What process is described by the rapid evolution of multiple species from a common ancestor due to environmental opportunities?
- Non-allopatric speciation
- Convergent evolution
- Sympatric speciation
- Adaptive radiation (correct)
What is the term for a gene that masks or prevents the expression of another allele?
What is the term for a gene that masks or prevents the expression of another allele?
- Epistasis (correct)
- Cumulative effect
- Crossing over
- Linkage
In sympatric speciation, how do populations adapt to different niches?
In sympatric speciation, how do populations adapt to different niches?
During which phase of gamete production does crossing over occur?
During which phase of gamete production does crossing over occur?
Which hypothesis explains the existence of closely related species in the same geographic location?
Which hypothesis explains the existence of closely related species in the same geographic location?
Which of the following is NOT an observation made by Darwin in his theory of natural selection?
Which of the following is NOT an observation made by Darwin in his theory of natural selection?
What is the result of meiosis in terms of chromosome number?
What is the result of meiosis in terms of chromosome number?
What explains the origins of adaptation according to Darwin's theory?
What explains the origins of adaptation according to Darwin's theory?
What mechanism ensures genetic variation during sexual reproduction?
What mechanism ensures genetic variation during sexual reproduction?
What is the purpose of crossing over during meiosis?
What is the purpose of crossing over during meiosis?
Which observation highlights the struggle for existence among individuals in a population?
Which observation highlights the struggle for existence among individuals in a population?
Which statement about meiosis is true?
Which statement about meiosis is true?
What might prevent sibling species from reproducing together despite appearing phenotypically identical?
What might prevent sibling species from reproducing together despite appearing phenotypically identical?
What is the result of linkage in relation to genetic traits?
What is the result of linkage in relation to genetic traits?
Why is meiosis referred to as a reduction division?
Why is meiosis referred to as a reduction division?
What allows a species to maintain stability and adapt to environmental changes?
What allows a species to maintain stability and adapt to environmental changes?
Which concept proposed by Lamarck involves organisms passing on acquired characteristics?
Which concept proposed by Lamarck involves organisms passing on acquired characteristics?
What did early Greek philosophers believe caused species change?
What did early Greek philosophers believe caused species change?
Which geologist's ideas influenced Darwin and emphasized gradual geological changes?
Which geologist's ideas influenced Darwin and emphasized gradual geological changes?
What was the primary focus of Darwin's theory of evolution?
What was the primary focus of Darwin's theory of evolution?
In what year was the idea of Lamarckism proposed?
In what year was the idea of Lamarckism proposed?
What did Lamarck believe about organisms adapting to their environment?
What did Lamarck believe about organisms adapting to their environment?
What was the major contrast between Lamarck's and Darwin's views on evolution?
What was the major contrast between Lamarck's and Darwin's views on evolution?
What initiates the movement of spermatophores into the spermatheca during reproduction?
What initiates the movement of spermatophores into the spermatheca during reproduction?
Where are sperm stored in male reproductive systems?
Where are sperm stored in male reproductive systems?
In vertebrates, what term describes the combined reproductive and excretory systems?
In vertebrates, what term describes the combined reproductive and excretory systems?
What is the role of the spermathecal gland in female reproductive systems?
What is the role of the spermathecal gland in female reproductive systems?
What distinguishes the vas deferens in male reptiles, birds, and mammals from other ducts?
What distinguishes the vas deferens in male reptiles, birds, and mammals from other ducts?
In many animals, reproduction is seasonal to ensure what?
In many animals, reproduction is seasonal to ensure what?
What common reproductive structure do most vertebrates share?
What common reproductive structure do most vertebrates share?
How is the timing of reproductive cycles in animals typically controlled?
How is the timing of reproductive cycles in animals typically controlled?
What is a key difference between oestrous and menstrual cycles in females?
What is a key difference between oestrous and menstrual cycles in females?
What prevents additional sperm from fertilizing an egg after the first sperm fuses with the egg membrane?
What prevents additional sperm from fertilizing an egg after the first sperm fuses with the egg membrane?
What term describes the early cell divisions of the zygote without significant growth?
What term describes the early cell divisions of the zygote without significant growth?
In which type of cleavage do the cells remain the same size as the original zygote?
In which type of cleavage do the cells remain the same size as the original zygote?
What type of fertilization involves the release of gametes into water?
What type of fertilization involves the release of gametes into water?
What type of cleavage is characterized by partial division of the egg?
What type of cleavage is characterized by partial division of the egg?
What happens to the sperm once it successfully fertilizes an egg?
What happens to the sperm once it successfully fertilizes an egg?
What factor influences whether cleavage is holoblastic or meroblastic?
What factor influences whether cleavage is holoblastic or meroblastic?
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Study Notes
Genetics and Meiosis
- Epistasis occurs when one gene masks the expression of another gene affecting the same trait, such as eye color.
- Multiple alleles can contribute cumulatively to a trait.
- Chromosomes contain many genes, and genes located on the same chromosome are called linked genes.
- Linkage can be disrupted by crossing over during meiosis, leading to allele separation in offspring.
- Meiosis processes a diploid cell into four haploid gametes through one round of DNA replication and two rounds of cell division, ensuring genetic diversity.
- Meiosis results in unique genetic combinations through genetic recombination and independent assortment.
Evolutionary Theory
- Before the 18th century, creationism was the dominant belief regarding the origin of species, with stability since creation.
- Early philosophers recognized species change through fossil evidence, assuming extinction was due to disasters.
- Jean Baptiste de Lamarck proposed inheritance of acquired characteristics as a mechanism for evolution, suggesting that adaptations acquired during life could be passed on to offspring.
- Charles Darwin's theory focused on natural selection, emphasizing genetic variation and differential survival/reproduction in populations.
- Uniformitarianism, proposed by Charles Lyell, indicates geological processes remain constant over time, influencing Darwin's thinking.
Speciation
- Pre-mating barriers include anatomical differences or behavioral mismatches that prevent interbreeding.
- Sibling species can appear identical but remain reproductively isolated due to various factors including breeding timing and signals.
- Adaptive radiation occurs when species rapidly diversify from an ancestral form, notably seen in the Galapagos finches.
- Sympatric speciation happens when populations adapt to different niches within the same environment, leading to reproductive barriers.
Natural Selection
- Darwin articulated natural selection through observations on population fertility, resource limitations, and heritable variations.
- The struggle for existence drives competition within populations, influencing evolutionary outcomes.
Reproductive Systems
- Vertebrates possess a shared urogenital system, combining reproductive and excretory functions.
- In many vertebrates, ducts from kidneys also serve reproductive purposes, often opening into a cloaca.
- Seasonal reproduction aligns with food availability for offspring, regulated by hormones responding to environmental cues.
Fertilization and Development
- Sperm and eggs utilize species-specific proteins to ensure correct fertilization, preventing polyspermy.
- Fertilization results in the formation of a diploid zygote, triggering cell division and early development.
- Cleavage, resulting in numerous cells (blastomeres), occurs without significant growth, rapidly increasing cell number.
- Cleavage types include holoblastic (complete) in low-yolk eggs and meroblastic (partial) in high-yolk eggs, influencing embryonic development patterns.
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