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Questions and Answers
What is the term used to describe an individual who is heterozygous for a particular trait?
What type of inheritance pattern involves the transmission of a trait linked to the sex chromosomes?
What is the term for the process by which a new species forms?
What is the result of a cross between two individuals who are heterozygous for a particular autosomal recessive trait?
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Which type of evolution occurs when different species develop similar structures due to similar selective pressures?
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What is the term used to describe the physical expression of a trait, such as blue eyes or red hair?
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What is the term for the accumulation of genetic differences between two populations?
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What is the term used to describe the genetic transmission of a trait that is determined by multiple genes?
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What is the process by which genetic information is transcribed from DNA to RNA?
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Which domain of life includes single-celled prokaryotes, including many extremophiles?
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What is the term for the reduction of a population size due to a random event, leading to a loss of genetic variation?
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Which type of evolution occurs when different species evolve from a common ancestor, but in different directions?
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What is the characteristic of a sex-linked trait in a pedigree?
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What is the result of codominance in a heterozygote?
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During DNA transcription, what is the main enzyme involved?
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Polygenic traits are characterized by?
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What is the difference between autosomal and sex-linked traits?
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What is the overall purpose of the process DNA >> RNA >> protein >> trait?
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Study Notes
Genetics and Traits
- Autosomal Traits: Genes located on chromosomes 1-22; affect both sexes equally.
- Sex-Linked Traits: Genes positioned on the X chromosome; usually affect males more significantly due to their single X chromosome.
- Codominance: Both alleles in a heterozygote are expressed equally, resulting in distinct phenotypes.
- Incomplete Dominance: Intermediate phenotype appears in heterozygotes, rather than full expression of one allele.
- Polygenic Traits: Influenced by multiple genes, exhibiting a spectrum of phenotypes (e.g., skin and eye color).
Analyzing Pedigrees
- Sex-Linked vs. Autosomal: Sex-linked traits show disproportionate effects on males; autosomal traits affect both sexes equally.
- Dominant vs. Recessive: Dominant traits appear in every generation, while recessive traits appear in offspring of carriers (unaffected parents).
DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis
- Central Dogma: DNA → RNA → Protein → Trait; proteins determine phenotype.
- DNA Composition: Consists of nucleotides A, T, C, and G; genes are DNA segments coding for proteins.
- RNA Composition: Made of nucleotides A, U, C, and G; transcribed from DNA.
- Transcription: Process where mRNA is synthesized from DNA; occurs in the nucleus with RNA polymerase as the main enzyme.
Exam Preparation
- Final Exam Structure: Approximately 75% of questions from Modules 8-15, 25% from Modules 1-6; comprises multiple-choice, true/false, and matching questions.
- Exam Duration: 1 hour and 15 minutes to answer around 70 questions, most students finish well under time.
- Permitted Materials: One hand-written 4x6 index card with notes; no other materials allowed.
Genetic Vocabulary
- Key terms include dominant, recessive, allele, homozygous, heterozygous, genotype, and phenotype.
- Carrier: Refers to heterozygous individuals that can pass on a recessive trait.
Patterns of Inheritance
- Understand outcomes of monohybrid crosses for autosomal dominant, recessive, and sex-linked traits through Punnett Squares.
- Genetic Variation: Caused by independent assortment during meiosis, crossing over, and random fertilization.
Evolutionary Concepts
- Divergent Evolution: Homologous structures evolve from a common ancestor; examples include vertebrate forelimbs.
- Convergent Evolution: Analogous structures develop due to similar environmental pressures; examples include shark/dolphin body forms.
- Evolutionary Forces: Mutation, natural selection, genetic drift (bottleneck and founder effects), and gene flow through migration.
Speciation and Species Concepts
- Biological Species Concept: Defines species as groups capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring.
- Genetic Divergence: Accumulation of genetic differences requiring reproductive isolation (prezygotic or postzygotic).
- Speciation Types: Allopatric (geographically isolated) versus sympatric (reproductive barriers without geographic isolation).
Domains of Life
- Domain Archaea: Single-celled prokaryotes, many extremophiles.
- Domain Bacteria: Single-celled prokaryotes commonly known as bacteria.
- Domain Eukarya: Eukaryotic organisms including protists, fungi, plants (multicellular), and animals (multicellular); characterized by complex cell structures.
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Description
Test your understanding of autosomal and sex-linked traits, codominance and incomplete dominance, polygenic traits, and how to analyze pedigrees to determine the inheritance pattern of a trait. Identify the characteristics of each type of trait and how they are expressed in individuals. Learn how to interpret pedigree charts to understand the inheritance of a trait.
