Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
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Questions and Answers

What is the term used to describe an individual who is heterozygous for a particular trait?

  • Heterozygous
  • Autosomal
  • Carrier (correct)
  • Homozygous

    • What type of inheritance pattern involves the transmission of a trait linked to the sex chromosomes?

  • Sex-linked recessive (correct)
  • Autosomal recessive
  • Polygenic
  • Autosomal dominant

    • What is the term for the process by which a new species forms?

  • Convergent evolution
  • Divergent evolution
  • Speciation (correct)
  • Genetic divergence

    • What is the result of a cross between two individuals who are heterozygous for a particular autosomal recessive trait?

    <p>50% chance of expressing the recessive trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of evolution occurs when different species develop similar structures due to similar selective pressures?

    <p>Convergent evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the physical expression of a trait, such as blue eyes or red hair?

    <p>Phenotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the accumulation of genetic differences between two populations?

    <p>Genetic divergence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the genetic transmission of a trait that is determined by multiple genes?

    <p>Polygenic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which genetic information is transcribed from DNA to RNA?

    <p>Transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which domain of life includes single-celled prokaryotes, including many extremophiles?

    <p>Domain Archaea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the reduction of a population size due to a random event, leading to a loss of genetic variation?

    <p>Bottleneck</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of evolution occurs when different species evolve from a common ancestor, but in different directions?

    <p>Divergent evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a sex-linked trait in a pedigree?

    <p>Males are affected disproportionately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of codominance in a heterozygote?

    <p>Both alleles are expressed equally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During DNA transcription, what is the main enzyme involved?

    <p>RNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Polygenic traits are characterized by?

    <p>Multiple genes determining a single phenotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between autosomal and sex-linked traits?

    <p>Autosomal traits are located on chromosomes 1-22, while sex-linked traits are on the X chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the overall purpose of the process DNA >> RNA >> protein >> trait?

    <p>To make a protein that determines the phenotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Genetics and Traits

    • Autosomal Traits: Genes located on chromosomes 1-22; affect both sexes equally.
    • Sex-Linked Traits: Genes positioned on the X chromosome; usually affect males more significantly due to their single X chromosome.
    • Codominance: Both alleles in a heterozygote are expressed equally, resulting in distinct phenotypes.
    • Incomplete Dominance: Intermediate phenotype appears in heterozygotes, rather than full expression of one allele.
    • Polygenic Traits: Influenced by multiple genes, exhibiting a spectrum of phenotypes (e.g., skin and eye color).

    Analyzing Pedigrees

    • Sex-Linked vs. Autosomal: Sex-linked traits show disproportionate effects on males; autosomal traits affect both sexes equally.
    • Dominant vs. Recessive: Dominant traits appear in every generation, while recessive traits appear in offspring of carriers (unaffected parents).

    DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis

    • Central Dogma: DNA → RNA → Protein → Trait; proteins determine phenotype.
    • DNA Composition: Consists of nucleotides A, T, C, and G; genes are DNA segments coding for proteins.
    • RNA Composition: Made of nucleotides A, U, C, and G; transcribed from DNA.
    • Transcription: Process where mRNA is synthesized from DNA; occurs in the nucleus with RNA polymerase as the main enzyme.

    Exam Preparation

    • Final Exam Structure: Approximately 75% of questions from Modules 8-15, 25% from Modules 1-6; comprises multiple-choice, true/false, and matching questions.
    • Exam Duration: 1 hour and 15 minutes to answer around 70 questions, most students finish well under time.
    • Permitted Materials: One hand-written 4x6 index card with notes; no other materials allowed.

    Genetic Vocabulary

    • Key terms include dominant, recessive, allele, homozygous, heterozygous, genotype, and phenotype.
    • Carrier: Refers to heterozygous individuals that can pass on a recessive trait.

    Patterns of Inheritance

    • Understand outcomes of monohybrid crosses for autosomal dominant, recessive, and sex-linked traits through Punnett Squares.
    • Genetic Variation: Caused by independent assortment during meiosis, crossing over, and random fertilization.

    Evolutionary Concepts

    • Divergent Evolution: Homologous structures evolve from a common ancestor; examples include vertebrate forelimbs.
    • Convergent Evolution: Analogous structures develop due to similar environmental pressures; examples include shark/dolphin body forms.
    • Evolutionary Forces: Mutation, natural selection, genetic drift (bottleneck and founder effects), and gene flow through migration.

    Speciation and Species Concepts

    • Biological Species Concept: Defines species as groups capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring.
    • Genetic Divergence: Accumulation of genetic differences requiring reproductive isolation (prezygotic or postzygotic).
    • Speciation Types: Allopatric (geographically isolated) versus sympatric (reproductive barriers without geographic isolation).

    Domains of Life

    • Domain Archaea: Single-celled prokaryotes, many extremophiles.
    • Domain Bacteria: Single-celled prokaryotes commonly known as bacteria.
    • Domain Eukarya: Eukaryotic organisms including protists, fungi, plants (multicellular), and animals (multicellular); characterized by complex cell structures.

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    Description

    Test your understanding of autosomal and sex-linked traits, codominance and incomplete dominance, polygenic traits, and how to analyze pedigrees to determine the inheritance pattern of a trait. Identify the characteristics of each type of trait and how they are expressed in individuals. Learn how to interpret pedigree charts to understand the inheritance of a trait.

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