Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main function of a gene within the genome?
What is the main function of a gene within the genome?
- To code for a specific protein (correct)
- To provide structural support to the cell
- To facilitate cellular respiration
- To store energy in the form of ATP
Which of the following describes the structure of a DNA molecule?
Which of the following describes the structure of a DNA molecule?
- Linear and made up of amino acids
- Circular and found in the cytoplasm
- Single-stranded with ribose sugar
- Two strands coiled in a double helix linked by paired bases (correct)
What is the term for different forms of a gene that can result in varying traits?
What is the term for different forms of a gene that can result in varying traits?
- Alleles (correct)
- Phenotypes
- Genotypes
- Chromosomes
During which process does a diploid cell divide to produce haploid gametes?
During which process does a diploid cell divide to produce haploid gametes?
What is the genetic basis for sex determination in humans?
What is the genetic basis for sex determination in humans?
What does the term 'codominance' refer to in genetics?
What does the term 'codominance' refer to in genetics?
What defines the phenotype of an organism?
What defines the phenotype of an organism?
What is the probable outcome for a monohybrid cross between two heterozygous parents (Aa)?
What is the probable outcome for a monohybrid cross between two heterozygous parents (Aa)?
How do the base pairs in DNA contribute to its structure?
How do the base pairs in DNA contribute to its structure?
What role does mRNA play in protein synthesis?
What role does mRNA play in protein synthesis?
Describe the difference between homozygous and heterozygous genotypes.
Describe the difference between homozygous and heterozygous genotypes.
Explain how meiosis contributes to genetic diversity in offspring.
Explain how meiosis contributes to genetic diversity in offspring.
What is the significance of mutations in genetics?
What is the significance of mutations in genetics?
Describe the process of transcription in protein synthesis.
Describe the process of transcription in protein synthesis.
What is polygenic inheritance, and how does it affect phenotypic traits?
What is polygenic inheritance, and how does it affect phenotypic traits?
How does the determination of sex at fertilization occur in humans?
How does the determination of sex at fertilization occur in humans?
Flashcards
Gene
Gene
A section of DNA that codes for a specific protein.
Allele
Allele
Alternative forms of a gene.
Homozygous
Homozygous
Having two identical alleles for a gene.
Heterozygous
Heterozygous
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Phenotype
Phenotype
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Genotype
Genotype
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Mitosis
Mitosis
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Meiosis
Meiosis
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Protein synthesis
Protein synthesis
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Transcription
Transcription
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Translation
Translation
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Codominance
Codominance
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Polygenic inheritance
Polygenic inheritance
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Genetic variation
Genetic variation
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Study Notes
Inheritance
- The genome is an organism's entire DNA; a gene is a section of DNA coding for a protein.
- A cell's nucleus contains chromosomes that house genes.
- DNA is a double helix with paired bases: adenine (A) with thymine (T), and cytosine (C) with guanine (G).
- RNA is single-stranded, with uracil (U) instead of thymine.
- Protein synthesis involves transcription and translation using mRNA, ribosomes, tRNA, codons, and anticodons.
- Genes exist as alleles, creating variations in inherited traits.
- Dominant, recessive, homozygous, heterozygous, phenotype, and genotype are terms related to gene expression.
- Codominance means both alleles are expressed in the phenotype.
- Polygenic inheritance results from multiple genes influencing a trait, rather than a single gene.
- Monohybrid inheritance can be depicted using genetic diagrams and family pedigrees, to predict probabilities from crosses.
- Sex is determined by chromosomes (XX for female, XY for male) via fertilization.
- Mitosis divides a diploid cell into two identical diploid cells, for growth, repair, & asexual reproduction.
- Meiosis divides a cell into four haploid gametes, each with half the chromosomes, contributing to genetic variation in offspring.
- Offspring's genetic variation arises from random fertilization of haploid gametes.
- Humans have 46 chromosomes (diploid) and 23 chromosomes (haploid).
- Variation can be genetic, environmental, or a combination.
- Mutations are rare, random changes in DNA that can be inherited.
Mutations and Evolution
- Changes in DNA sequence can alter protein and hence phenotype.
- Most genetic mutations have little or no effect, some are slight, few are significant.
- Exposure to ionizing radiation (gamma rays, X-rays, UV) and chemicals (e.g., tobacco) can increase the rate of mutations.
- Darwin's theory of evolution describes evolution by natural selection.
- Antibiotic resistance can increase in bacterial populations, making infections harder to control.
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