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Questions and Answers
What term describes the passing of traits from parents to offspring?
What term describes the passing of traits from parents to offspring?
What is the term for an organism that consistently produces offspring with the same traits?
What is the term for an organism that consistently produces offspring with the same traits?
What type of pollination occurs when pollen is transferred from a plant to a flower on the same plant?
What type of pollination occurs when pollen is transferred from a plant to a flower on the same plant?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the pea plants that Gregor Mendel studied?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the pea plants that Gregor Mendel studied?
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What is the term for different forms of a trait?
What is the term for different forms of a trait?
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Why did Mendel use pollen from purebred tall plants to pollinate purebred short plants?
Why did Mendel use pollen from purebred tall plants to pollinate purebred short plants?
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Which statement best describes the relationship between genetics and heredity?
Which statement best describes the relationship between genetics and heredity?
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What is the term for a plant that receives different genetic information for a trait from each parent?
What is the term for a plant that receives different genetic information for a trait from each parent?
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What is the probability of having a short pea plant with the genotype 'tt' if both parents have the genotype 'Tt'?
What is the probability of having a short pea plant with the genotype 'tt' if both parents have the genotype 'Tt'?
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If a plant has the genotype 'BB' for flower color, what color would its flowers be? Assume that 'B' represents the dominant blue allele and 'b' represents the recessive white allele.
If a plant has the genotype 'BB' for flower color, what color would its flowers be? Assume that 'B' represents the dominant blue allele and 'b' represents the recessive white allele.
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Which of the following is an example of a homozygous genotype?
Which of the following is an example of a homozygous genotype?
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What term describes the physical appearance of a trait, such as tall or short?
What term describes the physical appearance of a trait, such as tall or short?
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If a plant inherits one 'T' allele for tallness and one 't' allele for shortness, what will its phenotype be? Assume 'T' is dominant.
If a plant inherits one 'T' allele for tallness and one 't' allele for shortness, what will its phenotype be? Assume 'T' is dominant.
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Which of the following is true about recessive alleles?
Which of the following is true about recessive alleles?
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What is the purpose of a Punnett square?
What is the purpose of a Punnett square?
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Mendel's work with pea plants demonstrated the importance of which concept?
Mendel's work with pea plants demonstrated the importance of which concept?
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Study Notes
Genetics and Heredity
- Genetics is the study of traits that are passed from parents to offspring.
- Heredity is the passing of traits from parents to offspring.
- Traits are characteristics that are inherited.
- Alleles are different forms of a trait.
- Eye color, nose shape and other physical features are some inherited traits.
- An organism is a collection of traits inherited from its parents.
Inheriting Traits
- Physical features are inherited from parents.
- Organisms inherit a combination of traits from their parents.
Vocabulary
- Heredity: Passing of traits from parent to offspring.
- Genetics: The study of traits passed from parents to offspring.
- Trait: A genetically determined characteristic, a variant of a trait.
- Alleles: Different forms of a trait.
Genetics Study
- Genetics is the study of how traits are inherited through the interactions of alleles.
- Every sex cell has one allele for each trait.
Father of Genetics
- Gregor Mendel experimented with garden peas in 1856.
- His work was the first recorded study of how traits pass from one generation to the next.
- He used the math of probability to explain heredity.
- He was the first to trace one trait through several generations.
Genetics in a Garden
- Mendel crossed plants with different expressions of a trait.
- The new plants resembled one of the parent plants.
- Mendel called the new plants "hybrids."
- Hybrids received differing genetic information or different alleles for a trait from each parent.
Purebred
- A purebred organism always produces the same traits through generations.
- For example, tall plants that consistently produce tall plants are purebred for the tall height trait.
Self-Pollination and Cross-Pollination
- Self-pollination: Pollen transfers to a flower on the same plant.
- Cross-pollination: Pollen transfers from a plant to a flower on a different plant.
- Mendel used cross-pollination in his experiments.
Dominant vs. Recessive
- Mendel observed that some traits seem to dominate others in offspring.
- He called the "dominant" trait the one that showed up in offspring.
- He used the term "recessive" for the trait that seemed to disappear.
- Tall plants crossed with short plants produced all tall plants.
Probability and Predictions
- Mendel used probability, a branch of math, to predict the chances of traits in offspring.
- His predictions were accurate because he worked with a large number of plants.
- Working with a large number of plants increased his ability to see repeatable patterns.
Punnett Squares
- Punnett squares are tools used to predict genetic results.
- They help predict what offspring would look like.
- In Punnett squares, letters represent dominant and recessive alleles.
- Uppercase letters stand for dominant alleles, lowercase letters for recessive alleles.
Genotype and Phenotype
- Punnett squares show genotype—the genetic makeup of the offspring inherited from its parents.
- Punnett squares also show the phenotype, the physical appearance of the offspring (例如, tall or short).
Alleles and Chromosomes
- Most body cells have two alleles for every trait.
- Alleles are located on chromosomes within the cell nucleus.
- For example, the T allele signifies tallness, and the t allele signifies shortness.
Homozygous and Heterozygous
- An organism with two identical alleles (e.g., TT) is homozygous.
- An organism with two different alleles (e.g., Tt) is heterozygous.
Making a Punnett Square
- A visual representation is used to predict possible outcomes.
- This demonstrates one set of alleles from a parent as it relates to the other allele.
Dominance
- An allele might be dominant or recessive.
- Common traits tend to be dominant, less common ones are recessive.
- For example, T = tall, t = short. TT would be tall; Tt would be tall; tt would be short.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the fundamental concepts of genetics and heredity. This quiz covers topics such as traits, alleles, and the study of how characteristics are inherited from parents to offspring. Explore key vocabulary and the contributions of Gregor Mendel to the field of genetics.
