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Questions and Answers
What is the meaning of the prefix 'ceno' in the term Cenozoic?
Which period is characterized by the first evidence of multicellular organisms?
What is the term for the formation of the sun, earth, and moon?
What is the term for the relative ages of rock layers and their fossils established using index fossils?
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During which period did the dinosaurs rule the earth?
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What is the term for the rock body that cuts across or deforms another, which is the younger of the two?
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What is the earliest eon in Earth's history?
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What is characteristic of the Hadean eon?
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What is the longest span of time in Earth's history?
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What is the era known for the age of the dinosaurs?
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In which era did invertebrates emerge?
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What does the term 'paleo' mean in the context of the Paleozoic era?
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What is the primary mechanism by which genetic recombination occurs?
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What is the primary purpose of in vitro isolation?
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What is the result of hybrid inviability?
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What is the primary characteristic of allopatric speciation?
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What is the purpose of the International Commission on Stratigraphy?
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What is the primary organization of geological time?
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What is the physical action of taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide?
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What is the process of exchanging air between the body and the outside environment?
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What happens to the air pressure in the lungs during inhalation?
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What happens to the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles during inhalation?
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What is the pathway of air during exhalation?
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What is the process of bringing oxygen to the cells and removing carbon dioxide from them?
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Which of the following diseases is caused by a bacterial infection?
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What is a common symptom of Allergic Rhinitis?
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Which of the following diseases is characterized by sticky and thick secretions?
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What is a symptom of Sleep Apnea?
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Which of the following diseases is caused by a viral infection?
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What is a symptom of Congenital Hypoventilation?
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Study Notes
Geologic Time Scale
- The Geologic Time Scale is a chronological dating of the Earth's history, with official standards set by the International Commission on Stratigraphy.
- The scale is divided into super-eons, eons, eras, periods, epochs, and ages.
Eons
- There are four eons: Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic, and Phanerozoic.
- The Hadean Eon, the oldest, was officially recognized in 2012 and was characterized by violent cosmic collisions.
- The Archean Eon had few fossil or mineral evidence, but saw the origin of organisms.
- The Proterozoic Eon saw the presence of oxygen, emergence of cyanobacteria, and the evolution of eukaryotes and multicellular organisms.
- The Phanerozoic Eon, which spans the past 541 million years, is linked to the Cambrian explosion and the rapid evolution of complex organisms.
Eras
- The Precambrian Era covers about 88% of Earth's life history and saw the emergence of invertebrates.
- The Paleozoic Era, which lasted 300 million years, saw the emergence of invertebrates.
- The Mesozoic Era, which lasted 180 million years, is known for being the age of dinosaurs, although mammals had already evolved during this era.
- The Cenozoic Era, which began 65 million years ago, is the current era and is characterized by the dominance of mammals.
Speciation
- Speciation is the process by which new species are formed.
- Allopatric speciation occurs when populations are geographically separated from each other.
- Parapatric speciation occurs when populations coexist in the same habitat but occupy distinct niches.
- Sympatric speciation occurs when species share the same ecological niche with no physical barriers preventing mating between species.
Breathing and Respiration
- Breathing, or pulmonary ventilation, involves the exchange of air between the body and the outside environment.
- Respiration is the overall exchange of gases between the atmosphere, blood, and cells.
- Internal respiration brings oxygen to cells and removes carbon dioxide from them.
- External respiration involves the exchange of air between the body and the outside environment.
Respiratory Diseases
- Pneumonia is a common lung disease caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal infections.
- COVID-19 is a respiratory illness caused by a coronavirus.
- Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that affects the lungs and is caused by a type of bacteria.
- Allergic rhinitis is an allergic response to specific allergens, such as pollen.
- Congenital hypoventilation is a neurological disorder characterized by inadequate breathing during sleep.
- Influenza is an infection of the nose, throat, and lungs caused by a virus.
- Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder that causes thick, sticky secretions to plug up tubes, ducts, and passageways in the lungs and pancreas.
- Sleep apnea is a disorder characterized by repeated stops and starts in breathing during sleep.
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Description
Test your knowledge on genetic recombination, isolation, and behavioral differences in species. Learn about the mechanisms of genetic exchange and their impact on evolution.
