Podcast
Questions and Answers
Who is credited with coining the term 'Behaviourism'?
Who is credited with coining the term 'Behaviourism'?
Which form of learning involves associating two stimuli that occur simultaneously?
Which form of learning involves associating two stimuli that occur simultaneously?
What does the 'Law of Effect' state?
What does the 'Law of Effect' state?
In Edward Lee Thorndike's experiments, what was primarily measured?
In Edward Lee Thorndike's experiments, what was primarily measured?
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Which of the following laws states that the more an association is used, the stronger it becomes?
Which of the following laws states that the more an association is used, the stronger it becomes?
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Which statement accurately describes the relationship between nature and nurture in behavior?
Which statement accurately describes the relationship between nature and nurture in behavior?
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What kind of data do behaviorists believe should be used to study psychology?
What kind of data do behaviorists believe should be used to study psychology?
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What is the primary focus of methodological behaviorism?
What is the primary focus of methodological behaviorism?
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What is a key characteristic of a good theory?
What is a key characteristic of a good theory?
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Which research method provides a snapshot of the current state of affairs?
Which research method provides a snapshot of the current state of affairs?
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What type of research is designed to discover relationships among variables?
What type of research is designed to discover relationships among variables?
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In experimental research, the variable that is manipulated by the experimenter is known as the?
In experimental research, the variable that is manipulated by the experimenter is known as the?
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What does internal validity primarily address in experimental research?
What does internal validity primarily address in experimental research?
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What aspect does construct validity assess in a research study?
What aspect does construct validity assess in a research study?
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What is a primary focus of behavioral genetics?
What is a primary focus of behavioral genetics?
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Which of the following is a potential threat to internal validity?
Which of the following is a potential threat to internal validity?
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What is the primary focus of behaviorism according to J.B. Watson?
What is the primary focus of behaviorism according to J.B. Watson?
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In the Little Albert experiment, what was paired with the white rat to condition fear?
In the Little Albert experiment, what was paired with the white rat to condition fear?
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What do soft determinists believe about human behavior?
What do soft determinists believe about human behavior?
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What essential component does operant conditioning focus on?
What essential component does operant conditioning focus on?
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Who developed the hierarchy of needs theory culminating in self-actualization?
Who developed the hierarchy of needs theory culminating in self-actualization?
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What aspect of therapy did Carl Rogers focus on?
What aspect of therapy did Carl Rogers focus on?
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What type of reinforcement schedule involves a changing number of responses?
What type of reinforcement schedule involves a changing number of responses?
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Thorndike's beliefs include the idea of inherent tendencies, which were later challenged by which group?
Thorndike's beliefs include the idea of inherent tendencies, which were later challenged by which group?
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What does the term 'epigenetics' refer to?
What does the term 'epigenetics' refer to?
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What is a key focus of behavioral genomics?
What is a key focus of behavioral genomics?
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How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?
How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?
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Which trait is NOT one of the five factors in the Five Factor Model of personality?
Which trait is NOT one of the five factors in the Five Factor Model of personality?
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What does the heritability coefficient measure?
What does the heritability coefficient measure?
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What process involves males competing with each other to mate with females?
What process involves males competing with each other to mate with females?
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What is the primary function of nucleotides in DNA?
What is the primary function of nucleotides in DNA?
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Which statement about the heritability quotient is true?
Which statement about the heritability quotient is true?
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What is the role of a methyl group in gene expression?
What is the role of a methyl group in gene expression?
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Which of the following is NOT considered part of evolutionary psychology?
Which of the following is NOT considered part of evolutionary psychology?
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Which part of his personality is affected by his behavior of encouraging Jenny to drink more?
Which part of his personality is affected by his behavior of encouraging Jenny to drink more?
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What psychological phenomenon explains Allison's distraction from her psychology assignment?
What psychological phenomenon explains Allison's distraction from her psychology assignment?
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Which school of psychology views mental life as an active adaptation to the environment?
Which school of psychology views mental life as an active adaptation to the environment?
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What does Ulric Neisser define as the processes by which sensory input is transformed and stored?
What does Ulric Neisser define as the processes by which sensory input is transformed and stored?
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According to Carl Rogers, what is necessary for clients to find their solutions?
According to Carl Rogers, what is necessary for clients to find their solutions?
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What concept did Abraham Maslow struggle with regarding self-actualization?
What concept did Abraham Maslow struggle with regarding self-actualization?
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What approach to knowledge does Galileo espouse, which is fundamental to the scientific method?
What approach to knowledge does Galileo espouse, which is fundamental to the scientific method?
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Which term describes research that answers fundamental questions about behavior?
Which term describes research that answers fundamental questions about behavior?
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What is essential for research to be considered objective?
What is essential for research to be considered objective?
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What does Rollo May emphasize in his approach to psychology?
What does Rollo May emphasize in his approach to psychology?
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Study Notes
Genetics and Environment
- Gene expression can be influenced by the environment, turning genes on or off without altering the DNA sequence.
- Behavioral Genomics explores the influence of multiple genes and environmental factors on human behavior.
- Evolutionary Psychology investigates how evolution has shaped human thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
- Quantitative genetics analyzes similarities among individuals based on their biological relatedness and assigns quantitative measures to those similarities.
- Heritability coefficient reflects the proportion of variation in a trait attributable to genetic factors.
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Three problems with the heritability quotient
- Overestimates gene influence if environmental factors are not fully considered.
- Not accurate for traits with low variability.
- Does not account for gene-environment interactions.
Genes and Chromosomes
- Chromosomes are thread-like structures in the cell nucleus, composed of DNA.
- Genes are segments of DNA that transmit characteristics from one generation to the next.
- Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, one from each parent.
- Human cells contain approximately 25,000 genes.
- Nucleotides (GACT) form different combinations on the DNA "steps."
Personality
- Personality refers to enduring traits that are stable within an individual but vary across the population.
- The Five Factor Model describes personality traits as: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion/introversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.
Evolutionary Psychology
- Charles Darwin's theory of Natural Selection emphasizes traits promoting survival.
- Sexual Selection focuses on traits that enhance attractiveness for mating and gene propagation.
- Sexual Strategies Theory explains human mating behaviors, adaptive challenges, and evolutionary solutions.
- Parental Investment Differences significantly influence mating strategies.
- Intrasexual Selection involves competition between individuals of the same sex for mating opportunities.
Epigenetics
- Epigenetics studies modifications to gene expression without alterations in the DNA sequence.
- Gene silencing occurs when a gene is turned off, no longer providing information.
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DNA nucleotides:
- Adenine and Guanine are purines.
- Thymine and Cytosine are pyrimidines.
- Histones are proteins that help to bind and wind the DNA string.
- Methylation involves adding a methyl group to cytosine, modifying gene expression despite no change in the DNA sequence.
- Antidepressants can alter histone markers, increasing gene expression and potentially reversing gene repression caused by stress.
Behaviorism and Humanistic Psychology
- Methodological Behaviorism focuses on observable behaviors and their direct measurement.
- Behaviorism emerged in 1913, with J. B. Watson coining the term.
- Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning laid the groundwork for behaviorism in 1897.
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Behaviorism emphasizes two forms of learning:
- Classical Conditioning: associating two stimuli that occur together.
- Operant Conditioning: repeating behaviors that are rewarded.
- Edward Lee Thorndike contributed to operant conditioning, with his "law of effect" and puzzle box experiment.
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Nature vs. Nurture:
- Nature: Genetics determine behavior, personality traits, and abilities.
- Nurture: Environment, upbringing, and life experiences shape behavior.
- J. B. Watson strongly emphasized the role of environment in shaping behavior, rejecting inherent tendencies.
- Thorndike believed in inherent tendencies alongside learning, which behaviorists contested.
- Skinner viewed behavior as primarily controlled by the environment.
- Soft Determinists: Believe that some aspects of behavior are under our control but not everything.
- Carl Rogers developed person-centered therapy, emphasizing self-direction, empathy, and acceptance to promote client growth.
- Abraham Maslow proposed the Hierarchy of Needs, culminating in self-actualization.
- Freud's Superego: Represents moral conscience and can conflict with impulsive desires.
- Operant Conditioning: Explains how behaviors are influenced by their consequences (reinforcement or punishment).
Cognitive and Evolutionary Psychology
- Cognitive Psychology studies mental processes like attention, memory, perception, language, problem-solving, creativity, and thinking.
- Ulric Neisser coined the term "cognitive psychology" and defined it as the processing of sensory input.
- Perceived Self-Efficacy (PSE): Believing in one's abilities and resources to complete a task.
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Carl Rogers:
- Emphasized congruence, empathy, and unconditional positive regard as essential for therapy.
- Believed that we filter our understanding of the world through our "phenomenal field."
- Viewed self-discovery ("how do I become myself") as a key question.
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Abraham Maslow:
- Challenged the idea of "self-actualization" as a goal, emphasizing that we are always in a process of self-actualizing.
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Rollo May:
- Emphasized the importance of meaning and choice in human experience.
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Mary Whitehouse:
- Incorporated movement into traditional talk therapy.
Research Methods
- Galileo emphasized an empirical approach to knowledge: "measure what is measurable, and make measurable what is not so."
- Scientific Approach: Involves an attitude of open-mindedness and skepticism.
- Peer Review: Evaluates, improves, and criticizes research articles before publication.
- Empirical: Based on systematic data collection and analysis.
- Objective: Free from personal bias and emotions.
- Ethical: Adhering to ethical principles in research, including informed consent, confidentiality, and minimizing risk to participants.
- Basic Research: Answers fundamental questions about behavior.
- Applied Research: Addresses practical problems and provides solutions.
- Laws: General principles that apply across situations within a domain (e.g., Ebbinghaus forgetting curve).
- Theory: A set of principles that explains and predicts relationships within a domain (e.g., Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs).
- Hypotheses: Specific, falsifiable predictions about relationships between variables.
- Descriptive Research: Captures a snapshot of the current state of affairs (e.g., surveys, case studies, naturalistic observations).
- Correlational Research: Discovers relationships between variables and allows prediction (e.g., relationship between height and weight).
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Experimental Research: Establishes cause-and-effect relationships between variables through manipulation and control.
- Independent Variables: Manipulated by the experimenter.
- Dependent Variables: Measured variables influenced by the manipulation.
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Threats to Validity:
- External Threats: Limit generalizability of findings to other settings and populations.
- Internal Threats: Confounding variables that could affect the dependent variable.
- Construct Threats: Measurement tools do not accurately capture the intended construct.
- Statistical Conclusion Validity: Accuracy of statistical conclusions drawn from the data.
Behavioral Genetics and Epigenetics
- Behavioral Genetics: Studies how genes and environment interact to influence behavior and traits.
- Epigenetics: Focuses on changes in gene expression without altering the DNA sequence itself.
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Description
This quiz covers the interplay between genetics and environmental factors in shaping behavior and traits. Topics include gene expression, heritability, and the influence of evolutionary psychology. Test your understanding of how these concepts are interconnected and their implications for behavior and genetics.
