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Genetics and Cellular Processes Quiz
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Genetics and Cellular Processes Quiz

Created by
@SpellboundEllipsis

Questions and Answers

What is a gene?

  • A part of a ribosome
  • A sequence of nucleotides that codes for a protein (correct)
  • A sequence of amino acids
  • A type of RNA

    • What is a mutation?

  • A sequence of nucleotides
  • A type of protein
  • A rare change in genetic material (correct)
  • A change in RNA

    • What is a protein?

    A three-dimensional polymer made of amino acid monomers.

    What is mitosis?

    <p>A process that involves the doubling and separation of genetic material in a dividing cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is protein synthesis?

    <p>The creation of a protein from a DNA template.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a nucleotide?

    <p>A building block of DNA consisting of a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four bases of DNA?

    <p>A, T, C, G</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _____, ______, _____ and ______ are the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA.

    <p>Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In DNA, adenine goes with?

    <p>Thymine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In DNA, thymine goes with?

    <p>Adenine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In mRNA, Uracil goes with?

    <p>Adenine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In mRNA, Adenine goes with?

    <p>Uracil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In mRNA and DNA, cytosine goes with?

    <p>Guanine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In mRNA and DNA, guanine goes with?

    <p>Cytosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is DNA?

    <p>Double stranded, forms a double helix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is RNA?

    <p>Single stranded.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four nitrogen bases in RNA?

    <p>Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA stands for _____

    <p>Deoxyribonucleic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sugar found in DNA?

    <p>Deoxyribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    RNA stands for _____

    <p>Ribonucleic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sugar in RNA?

    <p>Ribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is mRNA?

    <p>A type of RNA that is transcribed from DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is transcription?

    <p>The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is translation?

    <p>The synthesis of protein using the genetic information encoded in mRNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Within a cell, DNA is housed in the ____.

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a protein needs to be made, a signal is sent to a cell to turn on the ____ that codes for the needed protein.

    <p>Gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transcription occurs inside the ____ (cell organelle).

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During transcription, DNA is read by an enzyme called ____ and produces ____ ____, abbreviated mRNA (1st blank)

    <p>RNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During transcription, DNA is read by an enzyme called ____ and produces ____ ____, abbreviated mRNA (2nd blank)

    <p>Messenger RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of RNA polymerase?

    <p>Links together the growing chain of RNA nucleotides during transcription.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cytoplasm?

    <p>A jellylike fluid inside the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This newly created mRNA molecule moves to the ____ (part of the cell) where the process of translation can occur.

    <p>Cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the control center of the cell?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does protein synthesis occur?

    <p>Ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During translation, small organelles called ____ read the mRNA sequence.

    <p>Ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    These organelles direct transfer RNA, or tRNA, to assemble a specific sequence of ____ ____.

    <p>Amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A ____ is a sequence of three mRNA bases that codes for one amino acid.

    <p>Codon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are building blocks of protein?

    <p>Amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a codon?

    <p>A specific sequence of three adjacent bases on a strand of DNA or RNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when all the amino acids coded for by a gene link?

    <p>They fold to create a functional protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many bonds hold Thymine and Adenine together?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many bonds hold cytosine and guanine together?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What amino acid is represented by the codon AUG?

    <p>Methionine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does UGA represent in terms of codons?

    <p>Stop codon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the amino acid represented by the codon CCG?

    <p>Proline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the amino acid represented by the codon AGA?

    <p>Arginine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the amino acid represented by the codon UCU?

    <p>Serine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the amino acid represented by the codon CUC?

    <p>Leucine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the amino acid represented by the codon AAA?

    <p>Lysine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the amino acid represented by the codon AUU?

    <p>Isoleucine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the amino acid represented by the codon GCA?

    <p>Alanine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Make the other half of the DNA: TAGCG

    <p>ATCGC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Make the other half of the DNA: ACTTT

    <p>TGAAA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Make the other half of the DNA: GGGCG

    <p>CCCGC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Make the other strand of DNA: TACAG

    <p>ATGTC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Make the other half of the DNA: GCATG

    <p>CGTAC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transcribe this DNA into mRNA: GCUAG

    <p>CGAUC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transcribe this DNA into mRNA: UACUU

    <p>AUGAA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transcribe this DNA into mRNA: GGCCA

    <p>CCGGT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transcribe this DNA into mRNA: UACGU

    <p>AUGCA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transcribe this DNA into mRNA: GCUGU

    <p>CGACA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the parts of DNA?

    <p>1 phosphate group, 1 nitrogenous base, deoxyribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a phrase to remember the bases?

    <p>'All The Cat Guts'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the types of RNA?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does rRNA (ribosomal RNA) do?

    <p>Makes ribosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the start codon?

    <p>AUG (Methionine)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a reading frame?

    <p>Sets of codons in the order that they will be read.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the stop codons?

    <p>UAA, UAG, UGA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen when a protein is mutated?

    <p>No longer function, have reduced function, have increased function, or be different and have a different function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a substitution mutation?

    <p>One DNA base is exchanged for another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an insertion mutation?

    <p>1+ DNA bases are inserted into a gene sequence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a deletion mutation?

    <p>1+ DNA bases are deleted from a gene sequence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are chromosomes?

    <p>X-shaped structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common form of mutation?

    <p>Silent mutation (no effect)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Are mutations always bad?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a point mutation?

    <p>Type of mutation where only one base is affected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a frameshift mutation?

    <p>Type of mutation where many bases are affected, causing the reading frame to shift.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Give two examples of diseases caused by genetic mutations.

    <p>Sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mutation is more likely to cause problems in the protein?

    <p>Frameshift mutations (deletions and/or insertions)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ways to avoid mutations?

    <p>Protecting from sun's waves, maintaining a healthy diet, exercising regularly, avoiding exposure to mutation-causing viruses, and avoiding exposure to harmful chemicals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a genome?

    <p>A complete set of the genes in one organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many genes are in the human genome?

    <p>20,000-25,000 genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The order of DNA bases that make up genes is known thanks to the process of?

    <p>DNA sequencing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a geneticist?

    <p>A medical professional who evaluates genetic health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a genetic disorder?

    <p>Health conditions caused by changes to the sequence of DNA bases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an allele?

    <p>Any of the alternative forms of a gene that may occur at the same place on a chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What shape is a chromosome?

    <p>X</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is histone?

    <p>Structure that DNA is wrapped around.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a base pair?

    <p>A pair of complementary nitrogenous bases in a DNA molecule (A-T, C-G).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Genetic Concepts

    • Gene: Sequence of nucleotides coding for a protein, influencing phenotype.
    • Mutation: Rare genetic material change creating diversity within a species.
    • Protein: 3D polymer made of amino acids; structure and function determined by nucleic acid sequence.

    Cellular Processes

    • Mitosis: Process for cell division resulting in two genetically identical nuclei.
    • Protein Synthesis: Formation of proteins based on DNA templates.
    • Transcription: Synthesis of RNA from a DNA template, occurring in the nucleus.
    • Translation: Process where ribosomes synthesize proteins using mRNA information.

    Molecular Components

    • Nucleotide: Building block of DNA; consists of a five-carbon sugar, nitrogenous base, and phosphate group.
    • Key Bases in DNA: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G).
    • RNA vs. DNA: RNA is single-stranded while DNA is double-stranded forming a double helix.

    RNA Types

    • mRNA: Messenger RNA synthesized from DNA, translated by ribosomes for protein production.
    • tRNA: Transfer RNA that brings amino acids during translation.
    • rRNA: Ribosomal RNA, essential for ribosome formation.

    Base Pairing Rules

    • In DNA, A pairs with T, and C pairs with G; in RNA, A pairs with U (uracil) instead of T.
    • Codon: Sequence of three mRNA bases coding for an amino acid.

    Transcription and Translation Locations

    • Nucleus: Organelle where transcription occurs.
    • Cytoplasm: Location where the newly formed mRNA moves to begin translation.

    Protein Structure

    • Amino Acids: Building blocks of proteins assembled in specific sequences to form functional proteins.
    • Codon Chart: Used to determine specific amino acids coded by mRNA sequences.

    Mutations

    • Types of Mutations: Substitution (one base change), insertion (adding bases), deletion (removing bases).
    • Frameshift Mutations: Result from insertions or deletions, altering the reading frame and affecting many codons.
    • Silent Mutations: Do not result in a change in protein function.

    Genetic Information

    • Genome: Complete set of genes in an organism, with approximately 20,000-25,000 genes in humans.
    • Genetic Disorders: Conditions caused by alterations in DNA sequences; examples include sickle cell anemia and cystic fibrosis.
    • Alleles: Different forms of a gene located at the same chromosomal position.

    Chromosomal Structure

    • Chromosome Shape: X-shaped structures made of DNA and proteins (histones).
    • Base Pair: A pair of complementary nitrogenous bases in DNA (A-T, C-G).

    Mutation Impact and Prevention

    • Mutations can result in loss, increased, or altered function of proteins.
    • Preventative measures to avoid mutations include using sunscreen, maintaining a balanced diet, regular exercise, and avoiding harmful exposures.

    Miscellaneous

    • Start Codon: AUG (Methionine) indicates the beginning of protein synthesis.
    • Stop Codons: UAA, UAG, UGA signal the end of protein synthesis.
    • Reading Frame: Order of codons read during translation directly affects protein structure and function.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on genetic concepts and cellular processes in this comprehensive quiz. It covers key topics including gene structure, protein synthesis, and the distinctions between RNA and DNA. Perfect for students studying biology.

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