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Questions and Answers
What are proteins primarily made up of?
What role do enzymes play in biochemical reactions?
Which of the following is a process involved in transport?
What does metabolism include?
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Which of the following describes asexual reproduction?
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What is homeostasis in biological systems?
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What process involves the formation of spores?
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Which of the following statements about sexual reproduction is true?
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What type of fertilization occurs outside the body of the female organism?
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Which process allows small molecules to pass through cell membranes?
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What is the smallest unit capable of basic life processes?
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What is the phenotype in genetics?
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What does the allele Aa represent in terms of dominance?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of prokaryotic cells?
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What is the purpose of excretion in living organisms?
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How is the dominant allele defined in the context of the flower color example?
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Which statement is true regarding internal fertilization?
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Which statement accurately describes the Law of Independent Segregation?
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When do recessive traits appear in offspring according to the dominant-recessive inheritance model?
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What distinguishes multicellular organisms from unicellular organisms?
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What is a significant feature of eukaryotic animal cells compared to prokaryotic cells?
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Which of the following occurs in the dominant-recessive inheritance pattern?
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What is true about the allele for lavender flowers in the provided example?
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According to the Law of Independent Assortment, how do different gene pairs behave during gamete formation?
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What is the primary function of parenchyma tissue in plants?
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What is collenchyma tissue primarily composed of?
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Which type of ground tissue is important for supporting areas of plants that have finished growing?
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Which structure in roots is responsible for absorbing water and nutrients?
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Which of the following groups of animals comprises the phylum known as chordates?
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What is one primary function of roots in plants?
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Which of the following best describes invertebrates?
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What connects the leaf blade to the stem in plants?
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What is commensalism?
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How do predators influence species diversity in an ecosystem?
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What is a key characteristic of coevolution?
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What happens to plant competition when resources are scarce?
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What adaptation do plants develop to deter herbivores?
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In what way can the presence of colon bacteria in humans be classified?
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Which of the following best describes how predators and prey evolve together?
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Which of the following statements about competing species is true during times of resource scarcity?
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Study Notes
Genetics and Inheritance
- Homozygous Genotype: An individual with a gene pair made up of two recessive alleles (aa).
- Phenotype: The observable traits influenced by the genotype, which can manifest in various forms like morphological or behavioral.
- Dominant-Recessive Inheritance: Dominant traits appear in individuals with either homozygous (AA) or heterozygous (Aa) genotypes. The recessive trait (a) is only expressed when two recessive alleles (aa) are present.
- Law of Independent Segregation: During meiosis, gene pairs separate independently, ensuring genetic diversity.
- Law of Independent Assortment: Different gene pairs assort independently during gamete formation, contributing to genetic variation.
Metabolism and Biological Processes
- Metabolism: Divided into anabolism (building complex molecules) and catabolism (breaking down molecules to release energy).
- Nutrition: The ingestion and absorption of food for energy, growth, and tissue repair.
- Digestion: A specific type of catabolism that reduces food into smaller molecules for energy release.
- Absorption: The process of small molecules passing through cell membranes for nutrient and gas exchange.
- Excretion: The removal of waste products from metabolic processes.
Transport and Reproduction
- Transport: Movement of nutrients, water, and ions into and out of cells and tissues, often facilitated by the circulatory system.
- Asexual Reproduction: Involves one parent organism, includes methods like fission (splitting into two) and budding (growth of a new organism from a bud).
- Sexual Reproduction: Requires the union of male and female gametes, involving external (outside the female's body) or internal (inside the female's body) fertilization.
Cellular Structure
- Cells: The basic unit of life capable of all life processes, including nutrient uptake, waste expulsion, and reproduction.
- Prokaryotic Cells: Simple cells without a nucleus, found in bacteria and archaea, with DNA freely mingled in the cell’s interior.
- Eukaryotic Animal Cells: More complex, have a defined nucleus, and can be significantly larger than prokaryotic cells, with specialized structures.
Plant Structure and Types of Tissues
- Root Function: Anchor plants and absorb water and minerals; root hairs enhance absorption efficiency.
- Stem Function: Support plants and transport nutrients and water.
- Plant Tissues: Three main types include parenchyma (living tissue for storage and photosynthesis), collenchyma (supportive tissue with uneven cell walls), and sclerenchyma (supportive tissue with thick walls and lignin).
Animal Classification
- Vertebrates: Animals within the phylum Chordata, including mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish.
- Invertebrates: A vastly diverse group constituting 98% of the animal kingdom, includes organisms like sponges, worms, and insects.
Interactions Among Organisms
- Commensalism: A relationship between two different species where one benefits while the other is neither helped nor harmed.
- Co-evolution: The simultaneous evolution of two species that interact closely, such as predators and their prey, influencing each other's evolutionary adaptations.
- Competition: Occurs when organisms vie for limited resources; can lead to adaptive traits for resource acquisition.
Summary of Key Processes
- Homeostasis: The maintenance of internal balance in biological functions and metabolism.
- Enzymes: Proteins that serve as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions, specific to their substrates, and not consumed in the process.
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Description
Test your knowledge on genetics and metabolism through this engaging quiz. Explore concepts like genotypes, phenotypes, and the various laws of inheritance, as well as metabolic processes essential for life. Perfect for students studying biology.