Genetically Engineered Products Overview

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Questions and Answers

Who established the model of two helically intertwined chains tied together by hydrogen bonds between the purines and pyrimidines in DNA?

  • Watson and Crick (correct)
  • Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins
  • William Astbury
  • Hershey and Chase

What was the key contribution of the 'blender experiment' by Hershey and Chase?

  • Identifying the role of reverse transcriptase in viral replication.
  • Demonstrating that DNA, not protein, carries genetic information. (correct)
  • Discovering restriction enzymes in bacteria.
  • Developing the first recombinant DNA technology.

What is the significance of Werner Arber's discovery of restriction enzymes?

  • It paved the way for understanding X-ray diffraction patterns.
  • It led to the development of the autoclave.
  • It enabled the manipulation and splicing of genetic material. (correct)
  • It established the basic principles of inheritance.

What year saw the birth of the first biotechnology company, Genentech?

<p>1976 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what year did Paul Berg successfully demonstrate the splicing and recombination of genetic material?

<p>1971 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main contribution of the Koch lab in the early development of biotechnology?

<p>Use of agar as a medium. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of X-ray crystallography in the development of genetic engineering?

<p>It helped determine the structure of DNA. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who coined the term 'molecular biology'?

<p>William Astbury (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the first transgenic dairy cow created by GenPharm International?

<p>None of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the first mammalian clone born in 1997?

<p>Dolly (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the gene therapy that was first authorized in the 1990s?

<p>ADA deficiency therapy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what year did Eli Lilly’s recombinant human insulin appear on the market?

<p>1982 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what year was the Human Genome Project launched?

<p>1986 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term coined in 1919 by Karl Ereky to describe the manipulation of genetic material?

<p>Genetic Engineering (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of combining DNA from different species in recombinant DNA technology?

<p>Producing new genetic combinations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a field where recombinant DNA technology has applications?

<p>Astronomy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following practices represents the earliest form of genetic engineering, predating modern techniques?

<p>Artificial selection of animals like horses and camels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of bacteria or yeast cells in recombinant DNA technology?

<p>They act as carriers to propagate the recombinant DNA. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary contribution of the ancient Hindu philosophers towards the understanding of genetics?

<p>They established the foundations of genetics by observing hereditary patterns of diseases. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the text, what key development in the 19th century significantly shifted the focus of biological studies?

<p>The rise of the fermentation industry. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific technique is used in the creation of glow-in-the-dark cats?

<p>Viral vector insertion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a core objective of genetic engineering?

<p>To create organisms that can only reproduce asexually. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key characteristic of a seedless grape that makes it desirable?

<p>Increased sweetness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of genetic engineering?

<p>To improve the characteristics of organisms for human benefit (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of plasmids in bacteria?

<p>To replicate independently and carry genes for antibiotic resistance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the experiments conducted by Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer in the 1970s?

<p>They successfully created the first genetically modified organisms using recombinant DNA technology. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of restriction endonucleases in recombinant DNA technology?

<p>To identify and cut specific DNA sequences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why was the transfer of a frog gene into bacteria a significant milestone in recombinant DNA technology?

<p>It demonstrated that genetic material can be transferred between unrelated organisms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of using recombinant antibodies in the context of food resources?

<p>They can increase crop yield and resistance to pests and diseases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between chromosomal DNA and plasmids?

<p>Chromosomal DNA carries essential genes for bacterial survival, while plasmids carry non-essential genes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the discovery of plasmids and restriction endonucleases contribute to the development of recombinant DNA technology?

<p>They provided the necessary tools for isolating, manipulating, and inserting genes into bacteria. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary process involved in the creation of recombinant DNA molecules?

<p>The combination of DNA fragments from different sources. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method of gene transfer is particularly advantageous for introducing DNA into large cells, such as eggs or embryos?

<p>Microinjection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary application of protoplast fusion in agriculture?

<p>Generating hybrid plants with desirable traits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a direct application of recombinant DNA technology in the health and medicine sector?

<p>Genetic manipulation of crops for pest resistance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of bacteriophages in the process of transduction?

<p>To deliver genetically engineered DNA into bacterial cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods is primarily used for introducing genes into plant cells?

<p>Protoplast fusion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between electroporation and protoplast fusion?

<p>Electroporation uses electrical pulses, while protoplast fusion uses chemical agents. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of pharmacogenomics in the context of recombinant DNA technology?

<p>To understand how genes influence a person's response to drugs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the process of gene therapy?

<p>Replacing a defective gene with a normal functional gene (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of restriction enzymes in recombinant DNA technology?

<p>They cut DNA at specific sites, creating fragments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using plasmids in recombinant DNA technology?

<p>To produce proteins in large quantities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of DNA ligase in recombinant DNA technology?

<p>To join DNA fragments together. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using PCR in recombinant DNA technology?

<p>It allows scientists to amplify DNA sequences, producing millions of copies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following techniques describes the insertion of recombinant DNA into a host cell?

<p>Transformation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Electroporation is a technique used for:

<p>Introducing genetic material into cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a step in the process of recombinant DNA technology?

<p>Replication of host cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between blunt-ended fragments and cohesive fragments?

<p>Blunt-ended fragments have no overhanging nucleotides, and cohesive fragments have overhanging nucleotides. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Flashcards

Genetic Engineering

Manipulating an organism's DNA to achieve desired traits.

Recombinant DNA

DNA that has been artificially made by combining DNA from different sources.

Glow-in-the-dark cats

Cats engineered to produce fluorescent protein from jellyfish DNA.

Applications of Genetic Engineering

Uses include medicine, agriculture, and environmental management.

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Pros of Genetic Engineering

Advantages include disease resistance, higher yields, and enhanced traits.

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Cons of Genetic Engineering

Potential risks include ethical concerns and ecological impacts.

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Yeast in fermentation

Yeast has been used since 6000 B.C. for producing beer.

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Artificial Selection

The process of breeding organisms for desired traits.

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Plasmids

Extra loops of DNA in bacteria that replicate independently.

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Restriction endonucleases

Enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences.

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Cohen-Boyer experiments

Pioneering studies that created the first recombinant DNA in 1973.

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Molecular chimeras

Organisms created by transferring genes between different species.

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Biotechnology industry birth

Emergence of biotech due to recombinant DNA advancements.

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Gene insertion technique

Process of inserting genes into plasmids to create recombinant DNA.

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Antibiotic resistance genes

Genes that provide bacteria the ability to resist antibiotics.

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Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

A technique invented in 1983 by Karen Mullis to amplify DNA segments.

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Recombinant DNA Technology

The joining of DNA from different organisms to create new genetic combinations.

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Transgenic Organisms

Organisms that have been genetically modified to contain genes from other species.

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Human Genome Project

An international scientific research project to map all genes of the human genome.

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Gene Therapy

An experimental technique to treat or prevent disease by altering genes.

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Dolly the Sheep

The first mammal to be cloned from a somatic cell, born in 1997.

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Recombinant Interferon Gamma

A therapeutic protein produced using recombinant DNA technology, used in treatments.

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Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency (ADA)

A genetic disorder treated with the first authorized gene therapy in the 1990s.

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Vectorless Gene Transfer

A method that uses physical or chemical means to transfer DNA into cells without vectors.

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Protoplast Fusion

The process of fusing the protoplasts of different plant species to create hybrids.

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Microinjection

A technique to inject DNA directly into cells using a fine needle.

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Transduction

Introducing engineered bacteriophages into cells to create recombinant DNA.

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Cyanobacteria in Industry

Modified to produce plastics and fuels as byproducts of photosynthesis.

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Recombinant Insulin

Insulin produced through recombinant DNA technology for diabetic patients.

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Pharmacogenomics

The study of how genes affect responses to drugs.

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Restriction Enzymes

Molecular scissors used to cut DNA at specific sequences for gene manipulation.

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DNA Ligase

An enzyme that joins two pieces of DNA together during genetic engineering.

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Isolation of Genetic Material

The first step in recombinant DNA technology where desired DNA is purified.

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Amplifying the Gene

The process of creating multiple copies of a specific DNA segment using PCR.

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Ligation

The step that involves joining cut DNA fragments with a vector using DNA ligase.

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Transformation

The process of inserting recombinant DNA into a host cell.

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Electroporation

A method to introduce DNA into cells using an electric field for enhanced permeability.

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Mendel's Pea Experiments

Mendel presented his genetic findings using pea plants in 1864-1865.

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Autoclave Development

An invention in 1884 by Chamberland for sterilization in labs.

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X-ray Discovery

W. Roentgen discovered X-rays in 1895, crucial for imaging.

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Molecular Biology Term

Coined by William Astbury in 1945, studying macromolecule structures.

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Hershey-Chase Experiment

The 1951 experiment showing DNA is hereditary material.

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Restriction Enzymes Identification

Werner Arber identified these enzymes in the late 1960s for DNA cleavage.

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Reverse Transcriptase

Identified independently by Temin and Baltimore in 1970; crucial for recombinant DNA.

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First Recombinant DNA

Produced in 1972 at Boyer Laboratory, marking a milestone in genetics.

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Study Notes

Assignment Instructions

  • Create a one-page document.
  • List at least five genetically engineered products in Medicine, Agriculture, Industry or Environment.
  • Choose one product and explain its engineering, benefits and drawbacks.

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Recombinant DNA PDF

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