Genetic Variation and Species
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Questions and Answers

What is the term for a group of organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring?

  • Species (correct)
  • Population
  • Allele Frequency
  • Gene Pool

    • What is the term for an alternative form of a gene?

  • Allele (correct)
  • Phenotype
  • Allele Frequency
  • Gene Pool

    • What type of mutation occurs in somatic cells and affects only the individual in which the mutation occurred?

  • Chromosomal mutation
  • Genetic drift
  • Somatic mutation (correct)
  • Germ-line mutation

    • What is the measure of how common an allele is in a population?

    <p>Allele Frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of genetic variation in a population?

    <p>Phenotype Variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the total collection of alleles in a population?

    <p>Gene Pool</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which individuals with certain traits are more likely to survive and reproduce?

    <p>Natural Selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the presence of an extra copy of a chromosome?

    <p>Trisomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of aneuploidy?

    <p>Klinefelter Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a point mutation?

    <p>A substitution of one nucleotide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a mutation that results in a different amino acid being substituted?

    <p>Missense mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total number of chromosomes in a diploid cell?

    <p>46</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a frameshift mutation?

    <p>A change in the reading frame of a gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a type of gene mutation?

    <p>Deletion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cumulative effect of the process of recombination and mutation?

    <p>Increased genetic variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which mutations occur?

    <p>Exposure to chemicals and UV radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA?

    <p>Mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of nondisjunction during meiosis?

    <p>Gametes with more or fewer chromosomes than the normal set</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a chromosomal mutation in which a part of the chromosome is lost?

    <p>Deletion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a translocation?

    <p>A part of one chromosome is attached to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of most mutations on an organism?

    <p>Most mutations are neutral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mutation results in a stop codon and a shorter polypeptide?

    <p>Nonsense mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phenomenon where a gene is expressed differently based on the parent of origin?

    <p>Genomic imprinting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mutation results in an amino acid with similar chemical properties?

    <p>Neutral mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a frameshift mutation?

    <p>Incorrect translation of amino acids, stop codons, or read stop codons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of genomic imprinting?

    <p>The gene is expressed on the paternal or maternal allele in some or all tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the inheritance pattern where a single allele is inherited from one parent?

    <p>Uni-parental disomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a silent mutation?

    <p>The same amino acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of non-mendelian inheritance?

    <p>Does not follow the laws of Mendelian inheritance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the type of mutation that occurs in mitochondrial DNA?

    <p>Mitochondrial inheritance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Definitions of Key Terms

    • Species: Groups of organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring.
    • Population: A group of the same species living in an area with genetic variations among individuals.
    • Allele: An alternative form of a gene, typically two alleles for a trait are inherited from each parent.
    • Allele Frequency: A measure of how common an allele is in a population.
    • Gene Pool: The total collection of alleles in a population.

    Mutations

    • Definition: Modifications, deletions, or additions of base pairs in DNA which can affect genetic information.
    • Types of Mutations:
      • Somatic Mutations: Occur in somatic cells; affects only the individual.
      • Germ-line Mutations: Occur in gametes; can be passed to the next generation.
    • Mutation Rate: Probability of a specific mutation occurring over time or generations.
    • Mutation Frequency: Number of occurrences of a particular mutation within a population.

    Genetic Variation

    • Importance: Genetic diversity enhances survival chances of individuals within a population.
    • Phenotype: Observable traits resulting from one or more genes; examples include body size and feather patterns, influencing natural selection.

    Chromosomal Disorders

    • Down Syndrome: Presence of an extra 21st chromosome (trisomy 21).
    • Turner Syndrome: Individual has a single X chromosome (monosomy).
    • Klinefelter Syndrome: Presence of an extra X chromosome (XXY).

    Chromosomal Anomalies

    • Trisomy: Presence of an extra chromosome (2n + 1).
    • Monosomy: Absence of one chromosome (2n - 1).
    • Haploid (n): 23 chromosomes (22 autosomal + 1 sex chromosome).
    • Diploid (2n): 46 chromosomes (44 autosomal + 2 sex chromosomes).

    Gene Mutations

    • Definition: Changes in the nucleotide sequence of a gene; they can vary in size and impact.
    • Types of Gene Mutations:
      • Point Mutations: Change a single nucleotide through substitution, insertion, or deletion.
      • Frameshift Mutations: Insertions or deletions that alter the reading frame of the gene.
      • Missense Mutation: Substitutes one amino acid for another.
      • Nonsense Mutation: Substitutes for a stop codon, leading to a shorter polypeptide.
      • Silent Mutation: Does not change the amino acid.

    Chromosomal Mutations

    • Types:
      • Deletion: Loss of a chromosome segment.
      • Inversion: A chromosome segment breaks and reinserts in reverse order.
      • Duplication: Repetition of a chromosome segment.
      • Translocation: A segment of one chromosome attaches to a non-homologous chromosome.
      • Nondisjunction: Failure of chromosomes to separate properly, leading to abnormal gametes.

    Non-Mendelian Inheritance

    • Genomic Imprinting: Epigenetic marking causes monoallelic expression depending on the parent.
    • Uni-Parental Disomy: Inheritance of two copies of a chromosome from one parent.
    • Mitochondrial Inheritance: Genes are inherited through the maternal lineage.
    • Dynamic Mutation: Mutations that can change in frequency and expression across generations.

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    Genetic Variation PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on genetic variation, species, populations, alleles, and allele frequencies. Identify the definitions and concepts related to these genetic terms. This quiz is perfect for students of biology, genetics, and evolutionary science.

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