18 Questions
What is the main purpose of a pedigree in genetics?
To show how genes are passed from one generation to the next
In the context of genetic disorders, what is the role of bioinformatics?
Supporting the storage and analysis of biological data
What type of breeding practice involves mating closely related individuals?
Inbreeding
Which genetic disorder is caused by a mutation in a single gene?
Autosomal dominant disorder
What does the term 'indigenous environmental' most likely refer to in the context of breeding?
Plant and animal species native to an environment
How does selective breeding contribute to genetic diversity in plant and animal populations?
By increasing homozygosity for desired traits
What is the term used for genetic disorders that involve both alleles being expressed equally instead of one allele being dominant?
Co-dominance
Which term is used for a trait influenced by genes located on the sex chromosomes?
Sex-linked
What practice involves the introduction of genes into existing cells to modify an individual's genes for disease prevention or cure?
Somatic Gene Therapy
Which term describes an environmentally induced phenotype in an individual, not directly related to genetic inheritance?
Phenocopy
What type of gene therapy involves modifying genes in reproductive cells to prevent the passage of genetic disorders to offspring?
Germ-line Gene Therapy
What technique involves the selective mating of organisms to produce offspring with desired traits?
Breeding
What type of mutations can cause single-gene disorders?
Changes in DNA
In autosomal dominant disorders, how are the diseases expressed?
In the heterozygous condition
What determines the pattern of inheritance of single-gene disorders?
Whether they are controlled by genes on autosomes or sex chromosomes
Which type of genetic disorder is Huntington's disease classified as?
Autosomal dominant
How do autosomal dominant disorders differ from X-linked disorders in inheritance?
Autosomal dominant disorders are inherited regardless of sex, while X-linked disorders show sex-specific inheritance.
Why are autosomal-dominant disorders expressed in the heterozygous condition?
Due to the presence of two different alleles for the gene
Study Notes
Pedigree and Genetics
- A pedigree shows how a gene passes from one generation to the next, producing offspring in animals or plants.
- It determines the characteristics of an individual and involves crossbreeding and inbreeding.
- A pedigree can also show whether a trait is autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or X-linked.
Genetic Disorders
- A genetic disorder is a disease caused by a change or mutation in an individual's DNA.
- It can be single gene changes, chromosomal changes, or complex disorders.
- Genetic disorders can be inherited from parents to children.
Types of Genetic Disorders
- Autosomal dominant disorders: expressed in the heterozygous condition, controlled by genes on one of the 22 pairs of non-sex chromosomes.
- Autosomal recessive disorders: require two copies of the mutated gene to express the condition.
- X-linked disorders: traits influenced by genes located on the sex chromosomes, mainly the X chromosome.
Inheritance Patterns
- Co-dominance: both alleles are expressed equally rather than a dominant allele taking complete control.
- Incomplete dominance: an intermediate phenotype results in a heterozygote.
- Sex-linked: traits influenced by genes located on the sex chromosomes.
Genetic Testing and Counseling
- Genetic testing: examines the presence of genetic disorders on genetic materials.
- Genetic counseling: involves checking the medical history and records of a family to conduct genetic tests and evaluate the results.
Gene Therapy
- Gene therapy: the technique of introducing genes into existing cells to modify a person's genes to prevent or cure a wide range of diseases.
- Somatic gene therapy: modifies a person's genes to prevent or cure a disease.
- Germ-line gene therapy: modifies genes in reproductive cells to prevent passing a disease to offspring.
Breeding and Agriculture
- Breeding is a scientific practice of selective breeding in animals and plants.
- Local communities have accumulated knowledge about their environment and practices in agriculture.
- The development of technology has resulted in bioinformatics, which uses software tools to support the storage, interpretation, and analysis of biological data.
Explore the principles of gene transmission from one generation to the next through a pedigree, highlighting how traits are passed on in families. Understand the implications of crossbreeding and inbreeding, as well as how genetically determined diseases can be tracked in humans.
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