79 Questions
Which part of the DNA molecule contains the sequences that encode for amino acids?
Exons
What is the function of pseudogenes in the genome?
Appear to be genes but lack any function
Which of the following is responsible for delineating the starting point of gene transcription?
Promoters
What is the main function of transposable elements in the genome?
Move throughout the genome
Which nitrogen-containing base pairs with adenine in DNA?
Thymine
Where does DNA primarily reside in eukaryotic cells?
Nucleus
What is the term for using DNA as a template to create messenger RNA (mRNA)?
Transcription
Which molecule is essential for carrying signals around the body and regulating body processes?
Insulin
Mitosis is the process of cell division used to produce new:
Somatic cells
What extrinsic factors guide gene expression into proteins?
Enhancers and promoters
How many human chromosomes form pairs of autosomal chromosomes?
22
Which type of chromosome has the centromere significantly off-center?
Acrocentric
What structures contain DNA wrapped around histones to form nucleosomes?
Chromosomes
How many types of chromosomes are there according to the text?
Four
In a karyotype, what is used to identify the biological sex of an individual?
Chromosomes
What are different versions of genes inherited as?
Alleles
Which term describes structures formed by two sister chromatids joined by a common centromere?
Metacentric chromosomes
What kind of chromosomes have the centromere located at the end of the chromosome?
Telocentric chromosomes
What term is used to describe the winding around each other of nucleosomes to form chromatin?
Condensation
What is the primary function of genetic material?
To hold information for cell structure and function
In eukaryotic cells, where is the DNA stored?
In the nucleus, wrapped around proteins called histones
What is the structure of DNA?
A double helix made of two strands of nucleotides twisted together
Which of the following is not a base found in DNA?
Uracil (U)
What is the main difference between DNA and RNA in terms of their structure?
RNA has a different sugar (ribose) than DNA (deoxyribose)
Which of the following bases is found in RNA but not in DNA?
Uracil (U)
In prokaryotic cells, where is the DNA located?
In the cytoplasm
What is the human genome made up of?
Different types of DNA sequences
Which of the following is a component of a nucleotide in DNA?
Sugar, phosphate, and base
What is the function of histones in eukaryotic cells?
To wrap around DNA in the nucleus
What defines the specific structure and function of a cell by making certain genes active and other genes permanently inactive?
Differential gene expression
Which process triggers cellular differentiation and the transformation of stem cells into specialized cells?
Differential gene expression
What technology uses RNA sequencing to determine which genes are expressed in a cell?
DGE analysis
What is the term for the process where extracellular signals in a stem cell's environment cause changes in gene expression?
Cytoplasmic induction
What is the main reason why somatic cells differ in appearance and function, despite having the same genome?
Differential gene expression
Which molecules trigger signal transduction, activating receptors and influencing gene expression changes in cells?
Transcription factors
What stage of the cell cycle involves the separation of daughter cells in animal cells through a cleavage furrow?
Telophase
Which type of cells have a fixed structure and function and include liver cells, skin cells, and brain cells?
Somatic cells
What is the term used for undifferentiated cells originating from a fetus before they develop into specialized somatic cells?
Embryonic stem cells
Where do genes reside in eukaryotic cells?
Nucleus
What is the term for the structures containing DNA wrapped around histones to form nucleosomes?
Chromosomes
How many pairs of autosomal chromosomes are there in humans?
22 pairs
What term describes chromosomes with the centromere located at the center?
Metacentric chromosomes
In a karyotype, what is used to identify genetic anomalies related to missing or extra chromosomes?
Karyotype
Which type of chromosome has the centromere significantly off-center?
Acrocentric chromosomes
What is the term for the process where extracellular signals cause changes in gene expression?
Cell signaling
What are the structures formed by two sister chromatids joined by a common centromere called?
Chromatids
How many human chromosomes are there in total?
46
Which type of chromosome has the centromere located at the end of the chromosome?
Acrocentric chromosomes
Which term is used to describe undifferentiated cells originating from a fetus before developing into specialized somatic cells?
Stem cells
What is the main difference between DNA and RNA in terms of their sugar component?
DNA contains deoxyribose, while RNA contains ribose
Which of the following is NOT a base found in DNA?
Uracil (U)
In eukaryotic cells, where is the DNA located?
In the nucleus, wrapped around histones
What is the structure of DNA?
A double helix of two strands of nucleotides twisted together
Which of the following is a component of a nucleotide in DNA?
Sugar, phosphate, and base
In prokaryotic cells, where is the DNA located?
In the cytoplasm
What is the main function of histones in eukaryotic cells?
To package and organize DNA in the nucleus
Which base pairs with adenine (A) in DNA?
Thymine (T)
What is the term for using DNA as a template to create messenger RNA (mRNA)?
Transcription
Which type of cells have a fixed structure and function and include liver cells, skin cells, and brain cells?
Somatic cells
Which of the following components of DNA is composed of a phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogen-containing base?
Nucleotide
What is the primary function of DNA in living organisms?
Providing instructions for protein synthesis
Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins in the human body?
Replicating DNA
What is the term used to describe the process of using DNA as a template to create messenger RNA (mRNA)?
Transcription
Which of the following is an example of a structural protein mentioned in the text?
Keratin
What is the primary function of the protein myostatin in animals?
Regulating muscle cell growth
Which of the following is a component of a nucleotide in DNA?
Deoxyribose sugar
What is the main difference between mitosis and meiosis in terms of their purpose?
Mitosis produces new somatic cells, while meiosis produces gametes
Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins in the human body?
Replicating DNA
What is the term used to describe sequences of DNA that delineate where the transcription of a gene begins?
Promoters
What is the primary function of cell division?
To produce identical daughter cells for growth, repair, and replacement
During which stage of mitosis do the sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell?
Anaphase
What is the process called when undifferentiated stem cells become specialized cells with distinct functions?
Cell differentiation
Which type of cells have a fixed structure and function, and include liver cells, skin cells, and brain cells?
Somatic cells
What is the process that triggers cellular differentiation called?
Differential gene expression
What is the reason why somatic cells look and function differently from each other, despite having the same genome?
They express different genes
Which component of DNA is responsible for coding for proteins?
Nucleotides
In eukaryotic cells, where are genes located?
In the nucleus, wrapped around histones
What is the term for molecules that can trigger signal transduction and influence gene expression changes in cells?
Signaling molecules
Which technology uses RNA sequencing to determine which genes are expressed in a cell?
Differential gene expression (DGE) analysis
Learn about genetic material, the hereditary material of the cell which holds information for all cell structure and function. Discover the differences between DNA and RNA, and where DNA is stored in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Understand the structure of DNA as a double helix composed of nucleotides.
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