Genetic Material Summary
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Questions and Answers

Which part of the DNA molecule contains the sequences that encode for amino acids?

  • Introns
  • Promoters
  • Exons (correct)
  • Pseudogenes

    • What is the function of pseudogenes in the genome?

  • Move throughout the genome
  • Regulate gene expression
  • Appear to be genes but lack any function (correct)
  • Code for amino acids

    • Which of the following is responsible for delineating the starting point of gene transcription?

  • Introns
  • Pseudogenes
  • Promoters (correct)
  • Repetitive DNA

    • What is the main function of transposable elements in the genome?

    <p>Move throughout the genome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogen-containing base pairs with adenine in DNA?

    <p>Thymine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does DNA primarily reside in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for using DNA as a template to create messenger RNA (mRNA)?

    <p>Transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is essential for carrying signals around the body and regulating body processes?

    <p><em>Insulin</em></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mitosis is the process of cell division used to produce new:

    <p><em>Somatic cells</em></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What extrinsic factors guide gene expression into proteins?

    <p>Enhancers and promoters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many human chromosomes form pairs of autosomal chromosomes?

    <p>22</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of chromosome has the centromere significantly off-center?

    <p>Acrocentric</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures contain DNA wrapped around histones to form nucleosomes?

    <p>Chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many types of chromosomes are there according to the text?

    <p>Four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a karyotype, what is used to identify the biological sex of an individual?

    <p>Chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are different versions of genes inherited as?

    <p>Alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes structures formed by two sister chromatids joined by a common centromere?

    <p>Metacentric chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of chromosomes have the centromere located at the end of the chromosome?

    <p>Telocentric chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe the winding around each other of nucleosomes to form chromatin?

    <p>Condensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of genetic material?

    <p>To hold information for cell structure and function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In eukaryotic cells, where is the DNA stored?

    <p>In the nucleus, wrapped around proteins called histones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of DNA?

    <p>A double helix made of two strands of nucleotides twisted together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a base found in DNA?

    <p>Uracil (U)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between DNA and RNA in terms of their structure?

    <p>RNA has a different sugar (ribose) than DNA (deoxyribose)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bases is found in RNA but not in DNA?

    <p>Uracil (U)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In prokaryotic cells, where is the DNA located?

    <p>In the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the human genome made up of?

    <p>Different types of DNA sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a component of a nucleotide in DNA?

    <p>Sugar, phosphate, and base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of histones in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>To wrap around DNA in the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the specific structure and function of a cell by making certain genes active and other genes permanently inactive?

    <p>Differential gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process triggers cellular differentiation and the transformation of stem cells into specialized cells?

    <p>Differential gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technology uses RNA sequencing to determine which genes are expressed in a cell?

    <p>DGE analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process where extracellular signals in a stem cell's environment cause changes in gene expression?

    <p>Cytoplasmic induction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why somatic cells differ in appearance and function, despite having the same genome?

    <p>Differential gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecules trigger signal transduction, activating receptors and influencing gene expression changes in cells?

    <p><em>Transcription factors</em></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stage of the cell cycle involves the separation of daughter cells in animal cells through a cleavage furrow?

    <p><em>Telophase</em></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells have a fixed structure and function and include liver cells, skin cells, and brain cells?

    <p><em>Somatic cells</em></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for undifferentiated cells originating from a fetus before they develop into specialized somatic cells?

    <p>Embryonic stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do genes reside in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the structures containing DNA wrapped around histones to form nucleosomes?

    <p>Chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of autosomal chromosomes are there in humans?

    <p>22 pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes chromosomes with the centromere located at the center?

    <p>Metacentric chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a karyotype, what is used to identify genetic anomalies related to missing or extra chromosomes?

    <p>Karyotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of chromosome has the centromere significantly off-center?

    <p>Acrocentric chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process where extracellular signals cause changes in gene expression?

    <p>Cell signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the structures formed by two sister chromatids joined by a common centromere called?

    <p>Chromatids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many human chromosomes are there in total?

    <p>46</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of chromosome has the centromere located at the end of the chromosome?

    <p>Acrocentric chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term is used to describe undifferentiated cells originating from a fetus before developing into specialized somatic cells?

    <p>Stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between DNA and RNA in terms of their sugar component?

    <p>DNA contains deoxyribose, while RNA contains ribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a base found in DNA?

    <p>Uracil (U)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In eukaryotic cells, where is the DNA located?

    <p>In the nucleus, wrapped around histones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of DNA?

    <p>A double helix of two strands of nucleotides twisted together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a component of a nucleotide in DNA?

    <p>Sugar, phosphate, and base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In prokaryotic cells, where is the DNA located?

    <p>In the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of histones in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>To package and organize DNA in the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which base pairs with adenine (A) in DNA?

    <p>Thymine (T)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for using DNA as a template to create messenger RNA (mRNA)?

    <p>Transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells have a fixed structure and function and include liver cells, skin cells, and brain cells?

    <p>Somatic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components of DNA is composed of a phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogen-containing base?

    <p>Nucleotide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA in living organisms?

    <p>Providing instructions for protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins in the human body?

    <p>Replicating DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the process of using DNA as a template to create messenger RNA (mRNA)?

    <p>Transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a structural protein mentioned in the text?

    <p>Keratin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the protein myostatin in animals?

    <p>Regulating muscle cell growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a component of a nucleotide in DNA?

    <p>Deoxyribose sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between mitosis and meiosis in terms of their purpose?

    <p>Mitosis produces new somatic cells, while meiosis produces gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins in the human body?

    <p>Replicating DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe sequences of DNA that delineate where the transcription of a gene begins?

    <p>Promoters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cell division?

    <p>To produce identical daughter cells for growth, repair, and replacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of mitosis do the sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell?

    <p>Anaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when undifferentiated stem cells become specialized cells with distinct functions?

    <p>Cell differentiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells have a fixed structure and function, and include liver cells, skin cells, and brain cells?

    <p>Somatic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process that triggers cellular differentiation called?

    <p>Differential gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason why somatic cells look and function differently from each other, despite having the same genome?

    <p>They express different genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of DNA is responsible for coding for proteins?

    <p>Nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In eukaryotic cells, where are genes located?

    <p>In the nucleus, wrapped around histones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for molecules that can trigger signal transduction and influence gene expression changes in cells?

    <p>Signaling molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technology uses RNA sequencing to determine which genes are expressed in a cell?

    <p>Differential gene expression (DGE) analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

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