Podcast
Questions and Answers
Protein synthesis is a process that occurs in the body in two main stages known as replication and translation.
Protein synthesis is a process that occurs in the body in two main stages known as replication and translation.
False (B)
Lactase is an enzyme that aids in the breakdown of the sugar sucrose.
Lactase is an enzyme that aids in the breakdown of the sugar sucrose.
False (B)
In animals, myostatin protein regulates muscle cells to prevent them from growing without control.
In animals, myostatin protein regulates muscle cells to prevent them from growing without control.
True (A)
Mitosis is the method of cell division used to produce gametes, such as sperm and ova.
Mitosis is the method of cell division used to produce gametes, such as sperm and ova.
During metaphase of mitosis, sister chromatids are pulled to each end of the cell.
During metaphase of mitosis, sister chromatids are pulled to each end of the cell.
Cytokinesis in plant cells involves the formation of a cleavage furrow to separate daughter cells.
Cytokinesis in plant cells involves the formation of a cleavage furrow to separate daughter cells.
A damaged p53 protein would reduce the risk of uncontrolled cell division in an individual.
A damaged p53 protein would reduce the risk of uncontrolled cell division in an individual.
In eukaryotic cells, DNA is stored in the cytoplasm.
In eukaryotic cells, DNA is stored in the cytoplasm.
RNA is a double helix structure made of two strands of nucleotides.
RNA is a double helix structure made of two strands of nucleotides.
In DNA, uracil (U) is one of the four nitrogenous bases.
In DNA, uracil (U) is one of the four nitrogenous bases.
The sugar component of a DNA nucleotide is ribose.
The sugar component of a DNA nucleotide is ribose.
Transcription is the process of using RNA as a template to synthesize mRNA.
Transcription is the process of using RNA as a template to synthesize mRNA.
Introns are expressed regions of DNA that code for amino acid sequences.
Introns are expressed regions of DNA that code for amino acid sequences.
Promoters are regulatory sequences of DNA that indicate where the replication of a gene begins.
Promoters are regulatory sequences of DNA that indicate where the replication of a gene begins.
Pseudogenes are functional segments of DNA that actively participate in protein synthesis.
Pseudogenes are functional segments of DNA that actively participate in protein synthesis.
Flashcards
Protein Synthesis
Protein Synthesis
The process of creating proteins from DNA. It happens in two main stages: transcription and translation.
Proteins
Proteins
Biological molecules that do the work in the body. They come in many forms, including enzymes.
Enzyme
Enzyme
A type of protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. An example is lactase, which breaks down the sugar lactose.
Mitosis
Mitosis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Prophase
Prophase
Signup and view all the flashcards
Metaphase
Metaphase
Signup and view all the flashcards
Anaphase
Anaphase
Signup and view all the flashcards
Genetic material
Genetic material
Signup and view all the flashcards
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
Signup and view all the flashcards
RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Transcription
Transcription
Signup and view all the flashcards
Translation
Translation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Nucleotide
Nucleotide
Signup and view all the flashcards
Exons
Exons
Signup and view all the flashcards
Introns
Introns
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
Genetic Material
- Genetic material is hereditary material, holding instructions for cell structure and function.
- Two main types: DNA and RNA.
- Eukaryotic cells (nucleus & organelles) store DNA in the nucleus, wrapped around histones.
- Prokaryotic cells (no nucleus) have DNA in the cytoplasm.
DNA Structure
- DNA is a double helix of two nucleotide strands.
- Each nucleotide has a sugar, phosphate, and base.
- DNA bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), thymine (T).
- Bases pair (A-T, G-C) via hydrogen bonds.
RNA Structure
- RNA is also made of nucleotides.
- RNA sugar is ribose (instead of deoxyribose in DNA).
- RNA is single-stranded.
- RNA bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), uracil (U).
DNA Sequences
- Introns: intervening sequences in DNA.
- Exons: expressed regions, code for amino acids.
- Unique noncoding DNA: pseudogenes (inactive genes), inactive DNA segments.
- Regulatory sequences: promoters (initiate gene transcription).
- Repetitive DNA: repeated sequences in the genome.
- Related to transposable elements: segments that move within the genome.
- Repetitive DNA and transposable elements.
DNA Function
- DNA is primary genetic material for protein synthesis.
- Protein synthesis involves transcription (DNA to mRNA) and translation (mRNA to protein).
- Transfer RNA (tRNA) assists in translation.
- DNA has structural and immunological roles.
Protein Synthesis
- Protein synthesis occurs in transcription and translation.
- Proteins are molecules that do work in cells, including enzymes.
- Lactase is an example of an enzyme breaking down lactose.
- Proteins have various functions in cells (e.g., cell division, food production, antibiotic resistance).
- Myostatin regulates muscle growth, and p53 controls cell division.
Cell Division
- Cell division is essential for all living organisms.
- Eukaryotes divide via mitosis (somatic cells) and meiosis (gametes).
- Mitosis stages:
- Prophase: chromosome condensation, nuclear envelope breakdown.
- Metaphase: chromosomes align at the metaphase plate.
- Anaphase: sister chromatids pulled apart.
- Telophase: nuclear envelope reforms.
- Cytokinesis: division of the cytoplasm.
- After mitosis, daughter cells re-enter interphase for further replication and division.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
