Genetic Information and Genome Organization Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the key difference between pyrimidines and purines in DNA bases?

Pyrimidines have a double-ring structure, while purines have a single-ring structure

Pyrimidines are only found in RNA, while purines are only found in DNA

Pyrimidines and purines have the same chemical structure

Pyrimidines have a single-ring structure, while purines have a double-ring structure (correct)

What structural feature in RNA makes it less stable compared to DNA?

Double-stranded helical structure

Presence of a 2’-hydroxyl group (correct)

Lack of hydrogen bonds

Absence of uracil base

What is a typical characteristic of prokaryotic chromosomes?

Circular shape and extensive supercoiling (correct)

Linear shape with histone proteins

Multiple linear chromosomes

Presence of telomeres

How many circular chromosomes do bacteria and archaea typically have?

One Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the genomes of eukaryotic microbes from higher eukaryotes?

Smaller and more compact genomes Signup and view all the answers

What components make up prokaryotic genomes?

Protein-coding genes, RNA genes, and non-coding DNA Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the genomes of endosymbionts and parasites?

Small genomes Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in cell division?

DNA replication Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between genome size and specialized functions in prokaryotes?

Larger genomes contain more genes for specialized functions Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of non-coding RNAs like ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?

They serve their cellular function as RNAs Signup and view all the answers

What is included in the core genome of a lineage?

Genes present in all members of a lineage Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond connects nucleotides in DNA?

Phosphodiester bond between 5’-phosphate groups and 3’hydroxyl (OH) groups Signup and view all the answers

What do genomic islands and islets contain?

Horizontally acquired genes that confer unique properties to lineages Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of nucleotides in DNA?

Strings of nucleotide monomers comprised of 4 different nucleobases attached to a deoxyribose Signup and view all the answers

What are the nitrogenous bases found in DNA?

Adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T) Signup and view all the answers

What is the cellular function of open reading frames from messenger RNA (mRNA)?

They are converted to proteins via translation Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Genetic Information and Genome Organization

DNA bases are divided into pyrimidines (C/T) and purines (A/G), with different hydrogen bond interactions
RNA contains a 2’-hydroxyl group absent in DNA, making it less stable and prone to hydrolysis
Prokaryotic chromosomes are usually circular and extensively supercoiled, requiring proteins for structuring
Bacteria and archaea typically have one circular chromosome, but some, like Vibrio cholerae, have two
Eukaryotes have multiple linear chromosomes, with eukaryotic microbes having smaller and more compact genomes than higher eukaryotes
Prokaryotic genomes consist of protein-coding genes, RNA genes, and non-coding DNA
Endosymbionts and parasites have small genomes, while free-living bacteria/archaea have larger genomes
Larger prokaryotic genomes contain more genes for specialized functions and environmental adaptation
Core genome includes genes present in all members of a lineage, while pan genome includes all genes present in any member
Genomic islands and islets contain horizontally acquired genes that confer unique properties to lineages
Prophages, integrated into bacterial genomes, can carry cargo genes unrelated to phage biology and encode important bacterial toxins
Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that infect bacteria and can integrate into bacterial genomes as prophages

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Description

Test your knowledge of genetic information and genome organization with this quiz covering DNA bases, RNA, chromosome structure, types of genomes, gene composition, and genomic elements.