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Questions and Answers
What does the term 'euploid' refer to in genetic terminology?
What does the term 'euploid' refer to in genetic terminology?
- Any exact multiple of n chromosomes (correct)
- The condition of having only one chromosome set
- Having an imbalance in chromosome numbers
- Possessing more than two complete sets of chromosomes
Which term describes the condition of having an addition or subtraction of one or more chromosomes?
Which term describes the condition of having an addition or subtraction of one or more chromosomes?
- Polyploid
- Tetraploid
- Aneuploid (correct)
- Euploid
What occurs during the process of synapsis in Meiosis I?
What occurs during the process of synapsis in Meiosis I?
- Homologous chromosomes pair lengthwise (correct)
- Chromosomes are replicated
- Sister chromatids separate
- The nuclear envelope disappears
Crossing over during meiosis involves which of the following?
Crossing over during meiosis involves which of the following?
Which of the following statements is true regarding polyploidy?
Which of the following statements is true regarding polyploidy?
How do external factors like diet and chemical exposure relate to genetic disorders?
How do external factors like diet and chemical exposure relate to genetic disorders?
What is a chromosomal characteristic of diploid organisms?
What is a chromosomal characteristic of diploid organisms?
The interchanging segments during crossing over during Meiosis I lead to what outcome?
The interchanging segments during crossing over during Meiosis I lead to what outcome?
What is the result of meiotic nondisjunction?
What is the result of meiotic nondisjunction?
In which phase do chromosomes align at the centromere during meiosis II?
In which phase do chromosomes align at the centromere during meiosis II?
What primarily happens during Anaphase II of meiosis?
What primarily happens during Anaphase II of meiosis?
What could lead to the formation of a trisomy condition?
What could lead to the formation of a trisomy condition?
At which stage of meiosis II does the nucleoli and nuclear envelope disappear?
At which stage of meiosis II does the nucleoli and nuclear envelope disappear?
Which factor is associated with an increased incidence of chromosomal abnormalities?
Which factor is associated with an increased incidence of chromosomal abnormalities?
What characterizes the end result of meiosis II?
What characterizes the end result of meiosis II?
What key event occurs during telophase II?
What key event occurs during telophase II?
What occurs during anaphase in meiotic nondisjunction?
What occurs during anaphase in meiotic nondisjunction?
What is the primary outcome of mitotic nondisjunction?
What is the primary outcome of mitotic nondisjunction?
What is the role of meiosis in maintaining chromosome number?
What is the role of meiosis in maintaining chromosome number?
What type of chromosomal alteration results from chromosomal translocations?
What type of chromosomal alteration results from chromosomal translocations?
How does meiosis contribute to genetic diversity?
How does meiosis contribute to genetic diversity?
What is a key characteristic of balanced chromosomal translocations?
What is a key characteristic of balanced chromosomal translocations?
What may result from early cell divisions involving mitotic nondisjunction?
What may result from early cell divisions involving mitotic nondisjunction?
The reduction in chromosome number during meiosis leads to what significant outcome?
The reduction in chromosome number during meiosis leads to what significant outcome?
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Study Notes
Genetic Disorders
- Disorders can arise from single gene mutations or complex gene mutations.
- Risk factors for genetic disorders include diet, chemical exposure, and medication.
Chromosomal Abnormalities
Numerical Abnormalities
- Euploid: an exact multiple of n, e.g., diploid (2n), triploid (3n).
- Polyploid: condition of possessing more than two complete sets of chromosomes.
- Aneuploid: an addition or subtraction of individual chromosomes, not a complete set.
- Monosomy (2n-1): loss of one chromosome.
- Trisomy (2n+1): addition of a single chromosome.
Causes of Chromosomal Abnormalities
- Meiotic nondisjunction: failure of homologous pairs or sister chromatids to separate during meiosis.
- Can occur in either the first or second meiotic division.
- Incidence increases in women over age 35.
- Mitotic nondisjunction: occurs during anaphase when sister chromatids fail to separate, leading to mosaicism.
- Mosaicism results in cells with varying chromosome numbers, some abnormal and some normal.
- Chromosomal translocations: transfer of a portion of one chromosome to a nonhomologous chromosome, leading to a fusion gene.
- Can be balanced (no missing or extra genetic information) or unbalanced.
Phases of Meiosis II
- Similar in process to mitosis; results in four haploid cells (n) from the two cells formed in meiosis I.
- Prophase II: spindle fibers reform, nucleoli and nuclear envelope disappear.
- Metaphase II: chromosomes align at the centromere.
- Anaphase II: chromatids divide at the centromeres, moving to opposite poles.
- Telophase II: formation of four haploid cells, each with half the number of original homologous pairs.
Significance of Meiosis
- Maintains the constancy of chromosome number across generations by reducing diploid to haploid.
- Allows for random assortment of maternal and paternal chromosomes in gametes.
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