Genetic Diversity and Extinction Risk
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A population with low genetic diversity faces an increased risk of extinction primarily due to:

  • Greater ability to compete with other species for resources.
  • Increased resistance to diseases and parasites.
  • Vulnerability to inbreeding and reduced adaptability. (correct)
  • Enhanced adaptability to changing environmental conditions.

High genetic diversity within a species indicates that individuals are genetically similar, reducing the risk of inbreeding.

False (B)

Explain how low genetic diversity can lead to a higher risk of extinction for a species.

Low genetic diversity reduces the ability of a species to adapt to changing conditions, making them more vulnerable to diseases, environmental changes, and inbreeding, which collectively increase the risk of extinction.

Low genetic diversity increases the likelihood of ______ and reduces a population's ______ .

<p>inbreeding, adaptability</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a direct consequence of low genetic diversity in a population?

<p>Higher adaptability to new environments. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Walter G. Rosen is credited with coining which of the following terms?

<p>Biodiversity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Biodiversity only includes the number and variety of animal species in an ecosystem.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does greater genetic diversity have on a population's ability to withstand new diseases or adapt to environmental changes?

<p>increases resilience/resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

__________ diversity refers to the variety of genes within a species.

<p>genetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of biodiversity refers to the diversity among species within an ecosystem?

<p>Species diversity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of biodiversity with its description:

<p>Genetic diversity = Diversity of genes within a species Species diversity = Diversity among species in an ecosystem Ecological diversity = Diversity of a habitat in a given unit area</p> Signup and view all the answers

A population of birds exhibits a wide range of beak sizes, allowing them to utilize various food sources. This is an example of which type of diversity?

<p>Genetic diversity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ecosystems with low ecological diversity are generally more resilient to environmental changes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between species diversity and ecosystem sustainability?

<p>Greater species richness and productivity enhance ecosystem sustainability and stability. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An endemic species can be found in various geographical locations around the world.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define ecological diversity and explain its significance in an ecosystem.

<p>Ecological diversity refers to the variations in plant and animal species living together and connected by food chains and food webs. It is significant, as it helps maintain the balance of the ecosystem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The distribution of biodiversity in an area is influenced by factors such as temperature, precipitation, __________, soils, geography and the presence of other species.

<p>altitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the element with what it impacts:

<p>Temperature = Distribution of species Precipitation = Distribution of species Altitude = Distribution of species Soils = Distribution of species</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is most likely to result from a decrease in ecological diversity within an ecosystem?

<p>A simplified food web and increased vulnerability to disturbances. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of biodiversity in relation to the stability of an ecosystem?

<p>Biodiversity helps maintain the balance of the ecosystem, enhancing its stability. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how the concept of 'every species has a specific role in an ecosystem' contributes to our understanding of biodiversity's importance.

<p>That concept emphasizes that each organism contributes uniquely to ecosystem functions such as nutrient cycling, pollination, or predation, and its removal can disrupt these processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors explains why biodiversity is generally higher in tropical regions compared to polar regions?

<p>Greater climatic stability and more consistent resources in the tropics. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Overexploitation, habitat loss, and pollution are considered major threats to Earth's biodiversity.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name three categories of economic importance of biodiversity as explicitly mentioned in the text.

<p>Food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A species is classified as ________ when it no longer exists on Earth.

<p>extinct</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary factor distinguishes 'endangered' species from 'threatened' species?

<p>Endangered species face a higher immediate risk of extinction than threatened species. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are introduced species considered a threat to biodiversity?

<p>They can outcompete native species, leading to population declines or extinctions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Habitat fragmentation occurs when large, continuous habitats are divided into smaller, isolated patches.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define what is meant by a 'biodiversity hotspot'.

<p>A region with a high level of endemic species that has experienced great habitat loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each threat to biodiversity with its corresponding example:

<p>Overexploitation = Unsustainable fishing practices depleting fish populations. Habitat Loss = Deforestation for agricultural expansion. Pollution = Industrial discharge contaminating waterways. Introduced Species = The introduction of the zebra mussel into the Great Lakes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

________ is a major driver of biodiversity loss, caused by increased greenhouse gas emissions.

<p>Global climate change</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum percentage of original natural vegetation loss a region must experience to be classified as a biodiversity hotspot?

<p>70% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Biosphere reserves are primarily dedicated to urban development and industrial expansion.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What geological feature is the Palawan corridor part of?

<p>Sunda Shelf</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Palawan corridor was declared a Biosphere Reserve by ______ in 1990.

<p>UNESCO</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following protected areas in the Palawan corridor with their approximate size:

<p>Coron Islands = 7,580 hectares El Nido Marine Reserve = 89,140 hectares Malampaya Sound = 90,000 hectares</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following human activities most commonly contributes to the loss of natural vegetation in biodiversity hotspots?

<p>Urban development (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Palawan corridor is the largest island in the Philippine archipelago.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of classifying an area as a biosphere reserve?

<p>Conservation of biological diversity and genetic integrity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Approximately what percentage of Earth's land surface do biodiversity hotspots cover?

<p>2.3% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides conservation of biological diversity, biosphere reserves also aim to protect the genetic ______ of animals, plants, and microorganisms.

<p>integrity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which activity is typically prohibited within a National Park?

<p>Commercial Exploitation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Wildlife Sanctuaries are open to the public for all purposes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate land area, in hectares, of the Sierra Madre corridor?

<p>1.8 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Caramoan National Park features caves and ______ formations.

<p>limestone</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the protected area with its primary conservation focus:

<p>National Park = Conservation of wildlife and their habitats with prohibited activities like hunting. Wildlife Sanctuary = Protection of wildlife and their species-oriented habitats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of establishing a Wildlife Sanctuary?

<p>Protecting wildlife and their habitats (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The boundary of a Wildlife Sanctuary is strictly limited by state legislation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the national park located in Camarines Sur, Philippines?

<p>Caramoan National Park</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the Sierra Madre corridor?

<p>It is home to indigenous people and contains many protected areas. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Agusan Marsh has been designated as a ______.

<p>wildlife sanctuary</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Biodiversity

The number and variety of plants, animals, and other organisms in an ecosystem.

Genetic Diversity

Differences in genes within a single species.

Species Diversity

Variety among different species in an ecosystem.

Ecological Diversity

The range of different habitats in a given unit area.

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Individual Variation

Having different traits, such as size or taste.

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Benefits of Genetic Diversity

More likely to survive diseases and adapt to environmental changes.

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Walter G. Rosen

Coined the term 'Biodiversity'.

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Biodiversity Measure

Measure of how many different living things are in different environments.

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Low Genetic Diversity

Limited variety of genes within a species.

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Inbreeding

Mating between closely related individuals.

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Low Adaptability

Ability to adjust to new conditions. Low genetic diversity reduces this.

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Extinction

The disappearance of a species from Earth.

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Few Mutations

Changes in DNA sequence. Low genetic diversity = few of these.

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Endemic Species

A species unique to a defined geographic location.

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Biodiversity Distribution Factors

Temperature, rainfall, altitude, soil, geography and other species.

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Sustainable Ecosystems

Greater species richness and productivity.

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Ecological Stability

Maintaining balance; each species has a role.

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Species' Role

The specific function a species plays in its environment.

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Species richness

Makes an ecosystem more sustainable and stable.

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Biodiversity Hotspots

Regions with significant biodiversity threatened by human activity, having lost at least 70% of original vegetation.

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Biosphere Reserve

Undisturbed natural area dedicated to conservation of biological diversity and genetic integrity.

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Palawan Corridor

Geologically part of the Sunda Shelf; the 5th largest island in the Philippine archipelago.

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Palawan Corridor - UNESCO

Declared by UNESCO in 1990 as a Biosphere Reserve, a natural protected area.

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Coron Islands

A region that were Proclaimed Conservation Areas that cover thousands of hectares.

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El Nido Marine Reserve

A region that were Proclaimed Conservation Areas: Marine reserve with diverse ecosystems.

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Malampaya Sound

A region that were Proclaimed Conservation Areas: Known for fisheries and diverse marine life.

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Biodiversity Distribution

Regions with high biodiversity are typically found near the equator, decreasing towards the poles.

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Economic Importance of Biodiversity

Direct financial gains (food, medicine) and indirect benefits (tourism).

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Extinct Species

Species that no longer exist on Earth.

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Endangered Species

Species at risk of extinction.

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Threatened Species

Species that are likely to become endangered in the near future.

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Overexploitation

Taking resources faster than they can replenish.

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Habitat Loss

Destruction of natural habitats.

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Habitat Fragmentation

Breaking up large habitats into smaller, isolated areas.

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National Park

A national park primarily focused on wildlife and habitat conservation.

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Sierra Madre Corridor

Contains a large number of protected areas (national parks, reserves, etc.) and is home to indigenous people.

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Caramoan National Park

A 347-hectare park with caves, limestone formations and beaches.

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Wildlife Sanctuary

An area primarily established to protect wildlife and their habitats, with species-oriented conservation.

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Wildlife sanctuary

Open to the public for education, research and ecotourism.

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Agusan Marsh

Marsh declared as a wildlife sanctuary and one of the priority protected area.

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National Park Restrictions

Hunting, grazing, and commercial exploitation are generally prohibited.

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Wildlife Sanctuary Scope

Conservation is species-oriented, and its boundary is not limited by state legislation

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Wildlife Sanctuary activities

Activities like education, research, and ecotourism are allowed.

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Sierra Madre corridor

Contains 68 national parks, watershed forest reserves, natural monuments, marine reserves, protected landscapes and seascapes

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Study Notes

  • Biodiversity is the number and variety of plants, animals, and organisms in an ecosystem
  • Biodiversity is a measure of the variety of organisms in different ecosystems
  • Walter G. Rosen coined the term biological diversity/biodiversity in 1985

Types of Biodiversity

  • Genetic diversity describes the diversity of genes within a species
  • Species diversity describes diversity among species in an ecosystem
  • Ecological diversity refers to the diversity of habitats in a given area

Advantages of Genetic Diversity (Variation)

  • Genetic diversity gives individuals different characteristics, like taste and size
  • Populations with greater genetic diversity are more likely to resist diseases
  • Genetically diverse populations are more adaptable to environmental changes

Genetic Diversity

  • Low genetic diversity means a limited variety of genes and few mutations in a species' DNA
  • Low genetic diversity puts organisms at risk of inbreeding and it lowers adaptability, leading to extinction

Species Diversity

  • Species diversity describes the variety in the number and abundance of species in a region
  • Greater species richness/productivity leads to a more sustainable and stable ecosystem
  • Endemic species are confined entirely to a particular area

How Industrial Farming Reduces Biodiversity

  • Just 12 species provide 75% of our food, even though 40,000 edible species exist
  • Industrial breeding reduces genetic diversity, even within those 12 species

Ecological Diversity

  • Ecological diversity refers to the variations in plant and animal species living together
  • These variations are connected by food chains and food webs

Biodiversity Distribution

  • Biodiversity depends on temperature, precipitation, altitude, soils, and geography
  • Biodiversity is higher in the tropics and lower in polar regions

Importance of Biodiversity:

  • Biodiversity has economic importance such as:
    • Food
    • Cosmetic products
    • Pharmaceuticals
    • Tourism

Threats to Biodiversity

  • Overexploitation
  • Habitat loss
  • Habitat fragmentation
  • Pollution
  • Introduced species
  • Global climate change

Extinct Species

  • Extinct species are plants or animals that once lived on Earth, but have completely disappeared

Endangered Species

  • Endangered species are plants or animals in danger of becoming extinct

Threatened Species

  • Threatened species are plants or animals that may become endangered in the near future

Biodiversity Hotspots

  • Biodiversity hotspots are regions with a high level of endemic species
  • Biodiversity hotspots have experienced great habitat loss
  • Biodiversity hotspots make up about 2.3% of Earth's surface
  • A biodiversity hotspot must have lost at least 70% of its original natural vegetation

Philippine Diversity:

  • The Philippines is one of the world's 18 megadiversity countries
  • The megadiverse countries account for 60-70% of global diversity
  • The IUCN identifies the Philippines as a biodiversity hotspot
  • The Philippines faces threats to biodiversity through deforestation, fragmentation, unregulated trade, and low environmental quality

Biosphere Reserve

  • Biosphere reserves are undisturbed natural areas dedicated to conservation of:
    • biological diversity
    • genetic integrity of animals, plants, and microorganisms

Palawan Corridor

  • The Palawan corridor is geologically part of the sunda shelf
  • The sunda shelf contains Borneo, Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, and Java
  • The Palawan corridor is the Philippine archipelago's 5th largest island
  • UNESCO declared Palawan corridor a Biosphere reserve in 1990

Albay Biosphere Reserve

  • Covers 247,920.00 ha in surface area

Palawan Conservation Areas:

  • Coron Islands (7580 hectares)
  • El Nido Marine Reserve (89, 140 hectares)
  • Malampaya Sound (90,000 hectares)
  • St. Paul Subterranean River National Park

National Park

  • National Parks are established for the conservation of wildlife and habitats
  • Activities like hunting, grazing, and commercial exploitation are prohibited

Sierra Madre Corridor

  • The Sierra Madre Corridor contains the greatest number of protected areas, with 68
  • Includes national parks, watershed forest reserves, natural monuments, marine reserves, protected landscapes, and seascapes
  • Is home to indigenous peoples and has a land area of about 1.8 million hectares

Caramoan National Park

  • Found in Camarines Sur, Philippines
  • 347-hectares
  • Caves, limestone formations, beaches and rivers

Wildlife sanctuary

  • A wildlife sanctuary purpose us to protect its wildlife and habitats
  • Conservation is species-oriented and its boundary is not confined by stated legislation
  • Open to the public for education, research and eco-tourism

Agusan Marsh

  • The Agusan Marsh has been declared a wildlife sanctuary
  • It has been declared on of the 10 priority protected areas in the integrated protected areas System

Protected Area Restrictions

  • Wildlife Sanctuary (Less Restrictions; Category IV; Preserves animals, insects, birds)
  • Biosphere Reserve (Moderate Restrictions; MAB Programme by UNESCO; Protects the Biodiversity of a Designated Area)
  • National Parks (Heavy Restrictions; Category II; Flora, fauna, landscape, historical objects)

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Explore the impacts of low genetic diversity on species survival. Understand how it increases the risk of extinction due to reduced adaptability and increased susceptibility to diseases. Genetic diversity refers to the variety of genes within a species.

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