Genetic Control and Protein Synthesis Quiz

Genetic Control of Protein Synthesis and Cell Function

• Transcription of RNA from DNA occurs in the nucleus, with one DNA strand transcribed into pre-mRNA and then modified into mRNA.
• Translation of mRNA into protein takes place in the cytoplasm, where it associates with ribosomes and tRNA molecules.
• Genes, made of DNA, are the functional units of heredity and control the formation of RNA, which carries out the work.
• Nucleotides, which contain a sugar linked to a nitrogen-containing base, form the backbone of RNA and DNA.
• DNA and RNA have similar primary structures but differ in their sugar component, with DNA being metabolically stable and RNA in dynamic equilibrium with the AA pool.
• DNA is compacted in the cell by association with histones into chromosomes, with a diploid human cell containing 46 chromosomes.
• DNA, composed of discrete units called genes, forms a double-stranded molecule with four nitrogenous bases between the strands.
• The genome, the collection of genes expressing the full DNA of an organism, codes for proteins and produces different cell types.
• Transcription involves the transfer of the DNA code to the cytoplasm through RNA, with genetic code consisting of successive triplets of bases.
• RNA is produced by the transcription of genes along a DNA strand and includes messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA.
• Transfer RNA acts as a carrier molecule during protein synthesis, recognizing specific codons and combining with amino acids.
• Micro RNA is involved in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression, affecting protein synthesis, mRNA degradation, and sequestering.