Genetic Basis of Cancer Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Match the following characteristics of cancer with their descriptions:

Clonal origin = Most cancers originate from a single cell Multistep process = Begins as a benign growth Malignant = Invasive and invades surrounding tissue Metastatic = Moves to a different site in the body

Match the type of gene with its role in cancer:

Oncogenes = Promote cell division Tumor-suppressor genes = Inhibit cell division Mutations = Changes in DNA that can lead to cancer Carcinogens = Substances that promote tumor formation

Match the virus to its associated cancer:

Rous sarcoma virus = Causes sarcomas in chickens Hepatitis B = Causes liver cancer in humans Papillomavirus = Causes cervical cancer in humans Herpesvirus = Causes carcinoma in frogs

Match the type of cancer progression stage with its definition:

Benign = Not invasive Malignant = Invasive Metastatic = Spreads to other parts of the body Clonal = Derived from a single precursor cell Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of carcinogens with their effects:

Chemical carcinogens = Stimulates cell proliferation Radiation = Damages DNA Tumor viruses = Directly cause cancer in hosts Mutagens = Induce mutations in DNA Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their meanings:

Cancer = Uncontrolled cell division Tumor = A growth can be benign or malignant Metastasis = Movement of cancer to different body sites Carcinogenesis = The process of cancer formation Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cancers with their identified causes:

Liver cancer = Hepatitis B virus Cervical cancer = Papillomavirus Sarcomas in cats = Hardy-Zuckerman-4 feline sarcoma virus T-cell lymphoma in chickens = Herpesvirus Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of viruses with their categories:

Retroviruses = RNA viruses that can induce cancer DNA viruses = Causes changes in nuclear DNA Oncogenic viruses = Can lead to tumor development Viral carcinogens = Substances produced by viruses leading to cancer Signup and view all the answers

Match the following genes with their classifications:

Rb = Tumor suppressor gene Cdk4 = Oncogene p16 = Tumor suppressor gene Cyclin D = Oncogene Signup and view all the answers

Match the following proteins with their functions:

p21 = Cdk inhibitor PUMA = Proapoptotic Bcl-2 member Noxa = Proapoptotic Bcl-2 member Cdk4,6 = Promotes cell cycle progression Signup and view all the answers

Match the following mutations with their effects:

Gain-of-function mutation = Increased protein amount Missense mutation = Changed protein structure Proto-oncogene = Normal gene capable of becoming an oncogene Loss-of-function mutation = Allows cancerous growth Signup and view all the answers

Match the following oncogenes with their encoded proteins' functions:

Ras = GTP-binding protein Myc = Transcription factor Src = Tyrosine kinase Raf = Serine/threonine kinase Signup and view all the answers

Match the following processes with their regulators:

Cell cycle arrest = Wild-type p53 Apoptosis = Proapoptotic Bcl-2 family members Cell cycle progression = Cdk4,6/cyclin D complexes Tumor suppression = Rb and p16 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following growth factors with their receptors:

PDGF = Sis EGF = ErbB NGF = Fms Fibroblast growth factor = Int-2 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following protein characteristics with their outcomes:

Increased activity = Oncogene Overexpression = Oncogene Normal expression = Proto-oncogene Loss of function = Tumor suppressor gene Signup and view all the answers

Match the following signaling molecules with their roles:

Ras protein = Stimulates cell division Cyclin D = Inactivates Rb p16 = Inhibits Cdk4,6 p21 = Mediates cell cycle arrest Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Oncogene = Mutated and overexpressed gene Tumor suppressor gene = Prevents cancers Proto-oncogene = Normal gene capable of mutation Apoptosis = Programmed cell death Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of genes with their descriptions:

Oncogenes = Genes that can induce cell transformation Proto-Oncogenes = Normal genes that can become cancerous when mutated Tumor Suppressor Genes = Genes that inhibit tumor development Mutated Proto-Oncogenes = Abnormally expressed versions of proto-oncogenes Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cancer-related proteins with their functions:

p53 = Inhibits cell cycle progression and induces apoptosis Rb = Prototype tumor suppressor gene involved in retinoblastoma INK4 = Negative regulator of cell cycle progression Src = First identified oncogene from Rous sarcoma virus Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cancer causes with their categories:

Burkitt lymphoma = Virus-induced cancer Chemical carcinogens = Non-virus-induced cancer Retroviruses = Source of viral oncogenes Ionizing radiation = Environmental cancer risk factor Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of oncogenes with their characteristics:

Viral Oncogenes = Oncogenes derived from viruses Cellular Oncogenes = Oncogenes found in normal cells that can cause cancer when mutated Dominant Mutations = Type of mutation in proto-oncogenes causing cancer Retroviral Oncogenes = More than two dozen distinct oncogenes identified Signup and view all the answers

Match the following consequences of gene mutations with the gene type:

Loss of p53 = Enhanced tumor cell survival Mutation of Rb = Increased risk of retinoblastoma Active oncogene = Induces abnormal cell proliferation Inactive tumor suppressor = Promotes tumor development Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cell processes with their regulatory roles:

Cell Proliferation = Regulated by tumor suppressor genes Cell Differentiation = Involved in normal cell function Apoptosis = Triggered by p53 in response to DNA damage Cell Survival = Promoted by mutated oncogenes Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cancers with their inducing agents:

AIDS-induced Burkitt lymphoma = Human herpesvirus Epstein-Barr virus Lung cancer = Chemical carcinogens or radiation exposure Breast cancer = Potentially influenced by environmental factors Cervical cancer = Human papillomavirus Signup and view all the answers

Match the tumor-suppressor genes with their primary functions:

p16 = Regulates the G1 to S phase transition NF1 = Stimulates Ras GTP hydrolysis p53 = Checkpoint protein that senses DNA damage APC = Negative regulator of cell division signaling Signup and view all the answers

Match the functions of BRCA1 and BRCA2 proteins:

BRCA1 = Facilitates DNA repair BRCA2 = Promotes apoptosis if repair is not achieved Both = Involved in defense against DNA damage Neither = Regulates cell cycle transitions Signup and view all the answers

Match the concepts related to epigenetics:

Epigenetics = Study of heritable traits without DNA sequence changes Epi- prefix = Over or outside of traditional genetic mechanisms Mechanisms of inheritance = Involves changes that affect cell function Epigenetic factors = Can lead to cancer Signup and view all the answers

Match the roles of various tumor-suppressor genes:

Rb = Negatively regulates cell division p53 = Prevents advancement through the cell cycle DNA repair enzymes = Prevent mutations and cell survival Checkpoint proteins = Detect genetic abnormalities Signup and view all the answers

Match the protein's action with its description:

p16 = Controls cyclin-dependent kinases APC = Activates genes promoting cell division NF1 = Promotes Ras protein activity p53 = Acts as a general regulator of target genes Signup and view all the answers

Match the category of tumor-suppressor genes with their description:

Negatively regulate cell division = Function of Rb and p16 Maintain genome integrity = Function of BRCA1 and BRCA2 Genome maintenance = Prevents cell division of mutants Checkpoint proteins = Prevent division of cells with genetic abnormalities Signup and view all the answers

Match the effects of p53 activation:

Activation = Prevents cell cycle advancement DNA damage sensing = Promotes cell apoptosis Transcription factor role = Regulates specific target genes Checkpoint function = Facilitates DNA repair enzymes Signup and view all the answers

Match the cell cycle phases with their regulators:

G1 phase = Regulated by p16 and Rb S phase = Initiated by cyclin-dependent kinases GTP to GDP hydrolysis = Stimulated by NF1 Cell division signaling = Inhibited by APC Signup and view all the answers

Match the genetic alteration with its description:

Missense mutation = A change in a single nucleotide that results in a different amino acid Gene amplification = Increase in the number of copies of a gene Chromosomal translocation = A segment of one chromosome is transferred to another chromosome Viral integration = Insertion of viral DNA into the host genome Signup and view all the answers

Match the tumor-suppressor gene with its primary function:

Rb = Regulates cell cycle progression by inhibiting E2F p53 = Promotes DNA repair and apoptosis in response to DNA damage p16 = Inhibits cyclin-dependent kinases to regulate cell cycle BRCA1 = Involved in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of retinoblastoma with its characteristics:

Inherited retinoblastoma = Occurs in early childhood and has one hit already present Non-inherited retinoblastoma = Occurs later in life with two mutations required Bilateral retinoblastoma = Affects both eyes and often hereditary Unilateral retinoblastoma = Affects one eye, can be hereditary or non-hereditary Signup and view all the answers

Match the process with its description related to cell death:

Apoptosis = Programmed cell death characterized by cell shrinkage and DNA degradation Necrosis = Uncontrolled cell death often resulting from injury or infection Autophagy = Cellular process of degrading and recycling cellular components Senescence = Permanent cessation of cell division in response to damage Signup and view all the answers

Match the cell cycle regulation mechanism with its role:

Rb binding to E2F = Inhibits cell cycle progression p53 activation of apoptosis = Triggers programmed cell death in damaged cells Cyclin-CDK complexes = Promote advancement through the cell cycle Checkpoint proteins = Ensure conditions are suitable for the next phase of the cell cycle Signup and view all the answers

Match the statement with the appropriate tumor-suppressor gene:

Rb = Negative regulator of E2F, preventing cell cycle progression p53 = Monitors for DNA damage and initiates repair or apoptosis APC = Regulates cell growth in the colorectal system VHL = Involved in the regulation of hypoxia-inducible factors Signup and view all the answers

Match the cancer-related term to its explanation:

Two-hit model = Describes the requirement of two mutations for cancer Oncogenes = Genes that promote cell division and can lead to cancer when mutated Tumor-suppressor genes = Genes that prevent uncontrolled cell growth Carcinogenesis = The process by which normal cells become cancerous Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of apoptosis regulation with its description:

Intrinsic pathway = Regulated by intracellular signals and mitochondrial factors Extrinsic pathway = Triggered by external signals such as death receptors Caspases = Proteases that execute the apoptotic program Bcl-2 family = Regulates mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization Signup and view all the answers

Match the cancer-associated gene function with its corresponding gene:

BRCA1 = DNA repair and maintenance of genomic stability TP53 = Responds to cellular stress and DNA damage PTEN = Regulates cell signaling pathways affecting growth and survival NF1 = Regulates RAS signaling pathways, inhibiting cell proliferation Signup and view all the answers

Match the following epigenetic mechanisms with their descriptions:

DNA methylation = Modification that typically silences gene expression Histone acetylation = Modification that usually enhances gene expression Histone methylation = Modification that can either activate or silence gene expression Chromatin remodeling = Process that alters the position of histones on DNA Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of modifications to the corresponding chromatin-modifying proteins:

DNA methyltransferase = DNA methylation Histone acetyltransferase = Histone acetylation Histone methyltransferase = Histone methylation SWI/SNF complex = Chromatin remodeling Signup and view all the answers

Match the environmental agents to the cancers they are associated with:

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons = Lung, breast, stomach, skin cancer Benzene = Leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma Cadmium = Lung and breast cancer Nickel = Lung and nasal cancer Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of cancer with the chromatin-modifying mutation:

Acute myeloid leukemia = DNA methylation Colorectal cancer = Histone acetylation Renal cancer = Histone methylation Multiple myeloma = Histone demethylation Signup and view all the answers

Match the mechanism to its potential impact on gene expression:

Inhibition of chromatin-modifying proteins = Leads to decreased gene expression Increased function of chromatin-modifying proteins = Can lead to increased gene expression Environmental agents = May alter gene expression indirectly Mutations in chromatin-modifying genes = Can have widespread effects on gene expression Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cancer treatment approaches with their targets:

5-azacytidine = DNA methylation Decitabine = Covalent histone modifications Chromatin remodeling agents = Alter configurations of chromatin Histone deacetylase inhibitors = Increase gene expression Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of interaction with the description:

Direct contribution = Epigenetic changes directly lead to disease symptoms Reverse causation = Disease symptoms cause epigenetic changes Third-factor association = A third factor influences both disease and epigenetics Causative association = Agent alters chromatin functions, leading to disease Signup and view all the answers

Match the following environmental agents with their categories:

Insecticides = Endocrine disruptors Tobacco smoke = Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Charbroiled food = Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Lead alloy = Arsenic exposure Signup and view all the answers

Match the following chronic modifications with their effects:

Methylated DNA = Often associated with gene silencing Acetylation of histones = Promotes gene expression Removal of methyl groups from histones = Typically activates gene expression Phosphorylation of histones = May change chromatin architecture Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of cancer with a specific epigenetic modification:

Breast cancer = Histone acetylation Pancreatic cancer = DNA methylation Glioma = Histone kinase modification Esophageal cancer = Histone demethylation Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of cancer with their associated environmental agents:

Lung cancer = Arsenic exposure Skin cancer = Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Kidney cancer = Cadmium Thyroid cancer = Endocrine disruptors Signup and view all the answers

Match the following statements with the appropriate context in epigenetics:

Mutations can lead to inappropriate gene expression = Chromatin-modifying protein mutations Environmental factors may induce carcinogenesis = Interaction with chromatin functions Epigenetic tags can be heritable = Transgenerational effects of chromatin changes Cancer therapies may reverse epigenetic alterations = Targeting chromatin modifications Signup and view all the answers

Match the following diseases with their possible epigenetic mechanisms:

Leukemia = DNA methylation alterations Breast cancer = Histone acetylation abnormalities Prostate cancer = Environmental agent interaction Renal cancer = Histone methylation changes Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes