Podcast
Questions and Answers
Match the following characteristics of cancer with their descriptions:
Match the following characteristics of cancer with their descriptions:
Clonal origin = Most cancers originate from a single cell Multistep process = Begins as a benign growth Malignant = Invasive and invades surrounding tissue Metastatic = Moves to a different site in the body
Match the type of gene with its role in cancer:
Match the type of gene with its role in cancer:
Oncogenes = Promote cell division Tumor-suppressor genes = Inhibit cell division Mutations = Changes in DNA that can lead to cancer Carcinogens = Substances that promote tumor formation
Match the virus to its associated cancer:
Match the virus to its associated cancer:
Rous sarcoma virus = Causes sarcomas in chickens Hepatitis B = Causes liver cancer in humans Papillomavirus = Causes cervical cancer in humans Herpesvirus = Causes carcinoma in frogs
Match the type of cancer progression stage with its definition:
Match the type of cancer progression stage with its definition:
Match the following types of carcinogens with their effects:
Match the following types of carcinogens with their effects:
Match the following terms with their meanings:
Match the following terms with their meanings:
Match the following cancers with their identified causes:
Match the following cancers with their identified causes:
Match the following types of viruses with their categories:
Match the following types of viruses with their categories:
Match the following genes with their classifications:
Match the following genes with their classifications:
Match the following proteins with their functions:
Match the following proteins with their functions:
Match the following mutations with their effects:
Match the following mutations with their effects:
Match the following oncogenes with their encoded proteins' functions:
Match the following oncogenes with their encoded proteins' functions:
Match the following processes with their regulators:
Match the following processes with their regulators:
Match the following growth factors with their receptors:
Match the following growth factors with their receptors:
Match the following protein characteristics with their outcomes:
Match the following protein characteristics with their outcomes:
Match the following signaling molecules with their roles:
Match the following signaling molecules with their roles:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following types of genes with their descriptions:
Match the following types of genes with their descriptions:
Match the following cancer-related proteins with their functions:
Match the following cancer-related proteins with their functions:
Match the following cancer causes with their categories:
Match the following cancer causes with their categories:
Match the types of oncogenes with their characteristics:
Match the types of oncogenes with their characteristics:
Match the following consequences of gene mutations with the gene type:
Match the following consequences of gene mutations with the gene type:
Match the following cell processes with their regulatory roles:
Match the following cell processes with their regulatory roles:
Match the following cancers with their inducing agents:
Match the following cancers with their inducing agents:
Match the tumor-suppressor genes with their primary functions:
Match the tumor-suppressor genes with their primary functions:
Match the functions of BRCA1 and BRCA2 proteins:
Match the functions of BRCA1 and BRCA2 proteins:
Match the concepts related to epigenetics:
Match the concepts related to epigenetics:
Match the roles of various tumor-suppressor genes:
Match the roles of various tumor-suppressor genes:
Match the protein's action with its description:
Match the protein's action with its description:
Match the category of tumor-suppressor genes with their description:
Match the category of tumor-suppressor genes with their description:
Match the effects of p53 activation:
Match the effects of p53 activation:
Match the cell cycle phases with their regulators:
Match the cell cycle phases with their regulators:
Match the genetic alteration with its description:
Match the genetic alteration with its description:
Match the tumor-suppressor gene with its primary function:
Match the tumor-suppressor gene with its primary function:
Match the type of retinoblastoma with its characteristics:
Match the type of retinoblastoma with its characteristics:
Match the process with its description related to cell death:
Match the process with its description related to cell death:
Match the cell cycle regulation mechanism with its role:
Match the cell cycle regulation mechanism with its role:
Match the statement with the appropriate tumor-suppressor gene:
Match the statement with the appropriate tumor-suppressor gene:
Match the cancer-related term to its explanation:
Match the cancer-related term to its explanation:
Match the type of apoptosis regulation with its description:
Match the type of apoptosis regulation with its description:
Match the cancer-associated gene function with its corresponding gene:
Match the cancer-associated gene function with its corresponding gene:
Match the following epigenetic mechanisms with their descriptions:
Match the following epigenetic mechanisms with their descriptions:
Match the types of modifications to the corresponding chromatin-modifying proteins:
Match the types of modifications to the corresponding chromatin-modifying proteins:
Match the environmental agents to the cancers they are associated with:
Match the environmental agents to the cancers they are associated with:
Match the type of cancer with the chromatin-modifying mutation:
Match the type of cancer with the chromatin-modifying mutation:
Match the mechanism to its potential impact on gene expression:
Match the mechanism to its potential impact on gene expression:
Match the following cancer treatment approaches with their targets:
Match the following cancer treatment approaches with their targets:
Match the type of interaction with the description:
Match the type of interaction with the description:
Match the following environmental agents with their categories:
Match the following environmental agents with their categories:
Match the following chronic modifications with their effects:
Match the following chronic modifications with their effects:
Match the type of cancer with a specific epigenetic modification:
Match the type of cancer with a specific epigenetic modification:
Match the following types of cancer with their associated environmental agents:
Match the following types of cancer with their associated environmental agents:
Match the following statements with the appropriate context in epigenetics:
Match the following statements with the appropriate context in epigenetics:
Match the following diseases with their possible epigenetic mechanisms:
Match the following diseases with their possible epigenetic mechanisms:
Flashcards
Cancer
Cancer
A disease where cells divide uncontrollably
Genetic disease
Genetic disease
Cancer develops at a cellular level due to genetic changes
Cancer types
Cancer types
More than 100 types of cancers exist, each originating from different cells.
Cancer origin
Cancer origin
Signup and view all the flashcards
Multistep cancer
Multistep cancer
Signup and view all the flashcards
Malignant cancer
Malignant cancer
Signup and view all the flashcards
Metastatic cancer
Metastatic cancer
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cancer causes
Cancer causes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Oncogenes
Oncogenes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Proto-Oncogenes
Proto-Oncogenes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Tumor Suppressor Genes
Tumor Suppressor Genes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Rb gene
Rb gene
Signup and view all the flashcards
p53 gene
p53 gene
Signup and view all the flashcards
Retroviruses
Retroviruses
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cell Transformation
Cell Transformation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Mutations
Mutations
Signup and view all the flashcards
Restriction point
Restriction point
Signup and view all the flashcards
Rb protein
Rb protein
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cdk4/6-Cyclin D complex
Cdk4/6-Cyclin D complex
Signup and view all the flashcards
p16 protein
p16 protein
Signup and view all the flashcards
p53 protein
p53 protein
Signup and view all the flashcards
Gain-of-function mutation
Gain-of-function mutation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ras protein
Ras protein
Signup and view all the flashcards
Missense mutation
Missense mutation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Gene amplification
Gene amplification
Signup and view all the flashcards
Chromosomal translocation
Chromosomal translocation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Viral integration
Viral integration
Signup and view all the flashcards
E2F inhibition
E2F inhibition
Signup and view all the flashcards
NF1 protein's role
NF1 protein's role
Signup and view all the flashcards
APC function
APC function
Signup and view all the flashcards
p53 - checkpoint protein
p53 - checkpoint protein
Signup and view all the flashcards
BRCA1 and BRCA2
BRCA1 and BRCA2
Signup and view all the flashcards
Epigenetics
Epigenetics
Signup and view all the flashcards
Epigenetic factors and cancer
Epigenetic factors and cancer
Signup and view all the flashcards
Mechanisms of Epigenetic Changes
Mechanisms of Epigenetic Changes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Epigenetics and Disease Association
Epigenetics and Disease Association
Signup and view all the flashcards
Epigenetic Changes in Cancer
Epigenetic Changes in Cancer
Signup and view all the flashcards
Causes of Epigenetic Changes in Cancer
Causes of Epigenetic Changes in Cancer
Signup and view all the flashcards
Examples of Mutations Affecting Chromatin Modification
Examples of Mutations Affecting Chromatin Modification
Signup and view all the flashcards
Chromatin-Modifying Proteins and Cancer
Chromatin-Modifying Proteins and Cancer
Signup and view all the flashcards
Environmental Agents Influencing Chromatin
Environmental Agents Influencing Chromatin
Signup and view all the flashcards
Environmental Agents and Epigenetics
Environmental Agents and Epigenetics
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cancer Treatments Targeting Epigenetics
Cancer Treatments Targeting Epigenetics
Signup and view all the flashcards
Epigenetic Cancer Treatments: Examples
Epigenetic Cancer Treatments: Examples
Signup and view all the flashcards
DNA Methylation
DNA Methylation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Histone Modification
Histone Modification
Signup and view all the flashcards
Chromatin Remodeling
Chromatin Remodeling
Signup and view all the flashcards
Two-Hit Model
Two-Hit Model
Signup and view all the flashcards
Inherited Retinoblastoma
Inherited Retinoblastoma
Signup and view all the flashcards
Non-Inherited Retinoblastoma
Non-Inherited Retinoblastoma
Signup and view all the flashcards
Apoptosis
Apoptosis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Caspases
Caspases
Signup and view all the flashcards
E2F
E2F
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
Genetic Basis of Cancer
- Cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell division. It's a genetic disease at the cellular level.
- Human cancers are categorized by the type of cell that becomes cancerous. Over 100 types are identified.
- Most cancers originate from a single cell. The growth from this single cell is clonal.
- Cancer is a multistep process. It starts as a benign growth that isn't invasive. Further genetic changes can result in cancerous growth.
- Cancer can be staged: malignant (invasive, invading surrounding tissue), and metastatic (moving to different sites in the body).
Characteristics of Cancer
- Cancer development often originates from a single cell and is clonal.
- Cancer cells can divide to form two cancer cells.
- Cancer begins as a benign growth, which isn't invasive
- Further genetic changes can lead to cancerous growth.
- Cancers are staged (malignant - invasive / metastatic – invades/moves to other sites)
Causes of Cancer
- Radiation and many chemical carcinogens damage DNA and induce mutations.
- Other chemical carcinogens may stimulate cell proliferation, contributing to cancer development.
- Viruses can also cause cancer in humans and other species.
Tumor Viruses
- Members of various animal virus families can directly cause cancer.
- Viruses can be either DNA or RNA viruses.
- Specific viruses are associated with particular cancers (eg. Hepatitis B, SV40, etc.).
Tumor Viruses (Table of Viruses and Human Cancers)
- Table provided showing correlation of various DNA and RNA viruses with specific human tumors and their genome sizes.
Oncogenes
- Specific genes (oncogenes) induce cell transformation, giving insight into the molecular basis of cancer.
- Identifying viral oncogenes helped understand cellular oncogenes, which are involved in non-virus induced cancers.
- Retroviruses played a key role in understanding the link between viral and cellular oncogenes.
- The first oncogene identified was src of Rous sarcoma virus.
- Research found multiple oncogenes in different retroviruses.
Proto-Oncogenes
- Proto-oncogenes are normal genes that can become oncogenes with mutations.
- Mutations in proto-oncogenes are typically dominant.
- Mutated proto-oncogenes are called oncogenes.
- Oncogenes are abnormal forms of proto-oncogenes.
Tumor Suppressor Genes
- Tumor suppressor genes oppose cell growth control, inhibiting cell proliferation and tumor development.
- In contrast to oncogenes, they inhibit cancer development.
- The prototypical tumor suppressor gene Rb was discovered through studying retinoblastoma inheritance.
- Loss or inactivation of tumor suppressor genes like Rb, and p53 contributes to diverse human cancers.
Functions of Tumor Suppressor Genes
- Proteins from most tumor suppressor genes act as inhibitors of cell proliferation or survival.
- Rb, INK4, and p53 are negative regulators of the cell cycle.
- p53 is required for apoptosis that occurs if there is DNA damage.
- Inactivation of p53 contributes to increased tumor cell survival.
Rb Protein Regulates Cell Division
- Recent studies highlight how Rb protein inhibits cancer cell proliferation.
- Rb regulates transcription factor E2F, which activates genes required for cell cycle progression.
- Rb binding to E2F inhibits E2F activity, preventing cell progression through the cell cycle.
- Functional Rb protein is essential to prevent cells from progressing through the cell cycle unchecked.
Gene p53
- p53 is the second tumor suppressor gene discovered.
- 50% of human cancers involve defects in the p53 gene.
- p53's primary role is to assess DNA damage in a cell.
- If damage is detected, p53 activates DNA repair, cell division arrest, and or apoptosis.
Apoptosis
- Apoptosis is a controlled cell death process.
- It involves cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, DNA degradation.
- Apoptosis is facilitated by caspases (proteases).
Epigenetics
- Epigenetics studies heritable traits that occur without DNA sequence changes.
- Involves features added to or modifications on top of the DNA sequence.
- Epigenetic changes influence how genes are expressed.
- Epigenetic factors can lead to cancer.
Epigenetic Mechanisms in Cancer
- Chromatin modifications, such as DNA methylation, covalent histone modification, and chromatin remodeling, can be abnormal in cancer cells.
- Mutations in genes that encode chromatin-modifying proteins might cause these abnormalities
- Environmental agents might alter functions of chromatin-modifying proteins.
Association Between Epigenetics and Disease
- Epigenetic changes can contribute to disease through three ways
- Direct contribution to disease symptoms
- Disease symptoms trigger changes in epigenetic state
- Indirect associations via a third factor
Environmental Agents and Cancer
- Several environmental agents can be linked to cancer and epigenetic changes.
- Table presented, listing examples of environmental agents, their occurrences, and associated cancers.
Cancer Treatments
- Research investigates drugs targeting epigenetic changes to inhibit cancer cells.
- 5-azacytidine and decitabine (DNA methyltransferase inhibitors) show promise for leukemia treatment.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.