Genes, Culture, and Gender

Genes, Culture, and Gender

• People across demographics generally disapprove of sacrificing an individual to save a larger group, but are more accepting of passively allowing someone to fall to their death to save others
• Charles Darwin proposed the evolutionary process of natural selection
• Natural selection involves heritable traits enabling survival and reproduction being passed down through generations
• The process of natural selection involves varied offspring, competition for survival, beneficial variations increasing survival, and successful offspring passing on their genes
• Natural selection leads to population characteristics changing over time
• Evolutionary psychology applies natural selection to study the evolution of cognition and behavior
• Natural selection predisposes psychological traits and social behaviors that spread one's genes
• Modern brains are developed from hunter-gatherer ancestor genes

Biology and Gender

• Sex is defined as the biological categories of male and female
• Sex is chromosome, genital, and secondary sex characteristic-based
• Gender is defined as biologically or socially driven characteristics associated with males and females
• Gender is rooted in biology or culture
• Transgender refers to people whose psychological sense of gender differs from their birth sex
• Natural selection theory suggests women reproduce carefully and men widely
• Men compete to pass genes into the future and seek healthy, fertile women

Mating Preferences

• Physically dominant males historically had greater access to females
• Nature selects for traits supporting gene propagation
• Evolutionary psychology suggests women prefer men who can aid in childcare
• Men tend to strive to offer resources
• Experiments demonstrate teen males value money more when around teen females
• Men value women based on physical features suggesting fertility
• Women value men whose wealth, power, and ambition promise resources
• Men and women commonly desire kindness, love, and mutual attraction
• Teen boys are attracted to older women, and men in their 20s like women their own age
• Older men favor younger women; women's ovulation clues are detectable
• At peak fertility, women express wariness of threatening men and a greater capability to sense men's intentions
• Flirtatious behavior increases with confident or dominant men

Gender and Hormones

• Testosterone, more prevalent in males, links to dominance and aggression
• In males, the Y chromosome directs testicle formation, secreting testosterone
• Females with excess fetal testosterone tend to be tomboyish with male-like career preferences and preference towards things and not people
• Children exposed to higher levels of testosterone in the womb exhibit characteristics typical of males: less empathy, lower language skills, and less eye contact
• Increased aggression is correlated with testosterone in animals
• Violent human male criminals often have raised levels of testosterone
• Gender aggression differences appear early, waning with decreasing testosterone in both animals and humans
• Acting aggressively may increase testosterone in men, and acting compassionately may decrease it
• Androgyny increases with early men and women
• Androgyny is a mix of both characteristics, both masculine and feminine
• Males loyal to offspring are most likely to ensure offspring survival
• Monogamy increases certainty over paternity
• Norms are viewed as negative force that imprisons people in a blind effort to perpetuate tradition
• Youths adjust to customs accordingly

Culture

• Culture involves attitudes, behaviors, ideas, and traditions shared and passed down through generations
• Culture and biology is not completely separate
• They interact to produce the diversity of behavior
• Genes are not fixed blueprints, but expressions depend on the environment
• Epigenetics studies environmental effects on gene expression, without altering the DNA
• Norms are the standards for accepted, expected, and 'proper' behavior based on normal behaviors
• People that adhere to the norms are generally seen favorably
• People adjust to customs accordingly
• Expressiveness, rule-following, punctuality and personal space are influenced by cultural norms
• Culture varies in their norms for expressiveness, punctuality, rule breaking, and personal space
• Americans are vegetarian-friendly, while Koreans may feel excluded
• Collectivistic cultures promote the belief that human suffering results from violating social norms.
• There is an increase the stigmatizing people seen as different through behavior or identity and traits
• Personal space maintains a buffer zone that depends on culture and familiarity.
• Adults prefer more space than children.

Transmitted-Peer Culture

• Parental influence has little effect on who children become
• Influences of peer has a heavy impact on personality
• Immigrant children learn new traits and follow new norms that are common
• Cultural similarities involves variations in norms in being friendly and being with common traits
• Across 75 nations honesty, kindness, fairness, curiosity and judgement are key traits for friendship
• There are five dimensions of social beliefs including spirituality, fate control, and cynicism
• Cynics show lower express, are assertive tactics, and have right-wing policies
• Social complexity involves talking to higher-ups, physicians talking to patients, and teachers who teach students

Role of Gender

• Gender roles involves behavior set for women and men
• Supervised playtime varies from gender to gender
• Cultural influences shape or effect your influence or gender

Influence in Gender

• Most societies show more equal partnerships for men and women, according to a 2010 Pew Study
• Cultural, and time changes alter gender roles accordingly
• 45 out of the 46 human chromosomes are unisex
• Males and females share many traits and during infancy
• Common traits are similar as well
• "The women are wonderful" effect means people give women a favorable rating

Connection to Women

• Average of independence varies in terms of connectedness
• Average does not stand for each person
• Gils are intimate and talk with one friend only
• Boys are aggressive and compete
• During friendships or relationships, women are more related to relationships
• Women apply relation-like words in social media
• Men are more specific with ideas and games
• The culture of language online is supportive and polite.

Emotions

• Gender affects expression of emotions and empathy
• "Fight or flight" are expressions of stress
• In regards to how men relate to power is often different
• Assertively and touchy acts are behaviors that men express
• Females use a low, sensitive profile and have more qualities
• Vocations involve being interested in jobs and being with more personable or helpful peers
• Being around people or having conversational is also helpful and is also influenced by people
• Women are connected in families, and there is a higher rate of smiling
• "The vicarious experiment" by shoes from others is empathy in a nutshell
• Expressing empathy more so involves being with other types of women and understanding other types
• Social dominance involves having a forceful tone and can be helpful

Behavior and Cultural Factors

• Direct-task leaders are the leadership roles that men excel at
• Fear in men is usually the fear of losing power
• Those is laboratory testing can be more hurtful with the shocks
• There are a range of aggressive/hurtful actions that can occur
• Women commit less and more aggressive acts
• Random hook-ups or compliments can be more common or helpful
• Casual connections involves being comfortable

Biology and Chemistry

• Casual actions can be driven by being comfortable
• The rates for virginity are relatively similar between women and men
• There are higher rates due to wanting more partners
• The biology of the mind effects interactions in society and genes may be influenced
• "Environment and stimulus" produces good receptors
• Experiences can develop the areas of the mind that are needed
• Stimuli can also change a part of the nervous system
• The high and lows of birth or pregnancy may effect your career

Culture Influence of Women

• Modern high-tech jobs or status can allow more women in high tech positions
• Lower birth traits lead to constraints
• How humans act can be affected by cultures and the characteristics of what you sustain
• A group of people that share traits are a culture
• Standards of what is to be a norm is the idea you expect

Norms and Gender Roles

• Individuals are often more individualistic
• A set of behavior expecations for women and men from social norms are gender roles
• Natural selction causes heritable traits
• These traits that improve reproduction and traits may tend to pass down these traits over many generations
• Evolutionary actions involves principles based on the evolutionary study of actions with behavior of some one's awareness
• The body has a strong immune response and defense to diseases
• The preparation or processing style often varies
• An abundance of culture, like the fear of snakes in your mind versus cars can change your view point

Communication

• Contact will tell you about eye positions, expression, and emotions
• Individuals like you when expressive

Aggression

• Behavior involves actions that have hurt someone
• Exhibitions of more indirect are more common
• Speed-dating causes differences in how you feel
• Societal norms influence women in that they are more careful in the dating process and are typically the approached

Automatic Social Actions

• Actions can vary in the process of thought or effort
• Subtitles can mirror thoughts or ideas in the same manner by doing behaviors and saying similar things
• Those similar can have a better process with one another
• Research and instruction often lead to subtle patterns and mannerism
• Conformity can be changed in behavior as result of real power

Comformity and Other Characteristics

• Behavior and beliefs can effect action and pressure can effect those actions
• Acceptance and compliance is accepted due to pressure or being in a command
• The sherif "studies norm" forms a way to create agreement of something
• Autokinetic movements and light perceptions can create motion

Group Pressure and Obedience

• "Asch studies" influence those who tend to act wrong
• Conformity and incorrect behavior can be effected
• Injuring and teaching can be an attribute that is performed by others
• Those learning can have shock values but are often forced to continue even through cries

Social Behavior Breeds actions

• Behavior in the wrong is often a result of distance and legitimacy with no obedience
• Status roles and actions can be influenced by institutions

Norms and Influence

• "Effect-group influence:" when action-like behavior is shown and reduced, the actions have little relevance in the long run
• Norm formation are suggestive
• Conformity shows an agreement with other and gives certain judgement
• Obedience expresses following actions and behaviors and can have negative orders
• Groups need attributes and can conform with attributes and values
• Conformity creates or increases your own importance.

Normitative Value of Influence

• Influence is made to be liked
• Information guides acceptance
• Culture's beliefs effect values and traits
• The thought and behavior can also conform to other parts of the world depending on the country traits

Motive and Reaction

• Often people hate to to be controlled
• Study and researchers are often involved with negative factors
• Actions result in not feeling "forced to change."

Conforming Factors

• Acceptance and social pressure involves performing the right action and belief
• Conforming results if a "message works"

Factors of Persuasion

• Acceptance and compliance involves performing the right action and pressure
• Stimulus influences or forces acceptance that could "influence other factors"

Acceptance and Compliance

• Accepting situations based on what is real can result in changed actions
• Exposure influences views in negative ways when threatened, or in situations that are not ideal

Mood Factors

• "Social contagion" is mood-oriented
• Mimicry can result in helpfulness
• Everyday situations and actions can be helpful and create unity

Key Concepts of Persuasion

• "Milqram's actions" tend to involve a "slippery actions." and the framing can be a bit much
• Showing compassion and making it known can help reduce action
• Primacy and recency involves information which has great influence on the people
• Factors effect "actions".

The Message

• The message is a key to persuasions, as the message defines some one's view point
• Emotions can be "a touch too powerful or not enough in certain situations and are often a hard thing."

Types of Stimulus

• Actions depend on the situation
• It is never the same with other ways that things can occur
• Two sided appeals can involve "negative" reactions
• Messages delivered help certain actions.