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Questions and Answers
What function do vacuum tubes primarily serve in computers and related devices?
What function do vacuum tubes primarily serve in computers and related devices?
- Controlling the flow of electronics in a vacuum (correct)
- Processing mathematical calculations
- Storing binary data
- Amplifying sound signals
Which component is often referred to as the 'brain of the computer'?
Which component is often referred to as the 'brain of the computer'?
- Transistor
- Magnetic Drum
- Integrated Circuit (IC)
- Central Processing Unit (CPU) (correct)
What is the primary characteristic of integrated circuits (IC)?
What is the primary characteristic of integrated circuits (IC)?
- They amplify sound
- They store data in binary format
- They are made up of an array of magnetic cores
- They are silicon chips that contain circuit elements (correct)
Which term describes the language that a computer can accept in binary form?
Which term describes the language that a computer can accept in binary form?
What is the purpose of a microprocessor in a computer system?
What is the purpose of a microprocessor in a computer system?
Which technology is primarily associated with fifth-generation computers?
Which technology is primarily associated with fifth-generation computers?
What is a key feature of input/output devices for fifth-generation computers?
What is a key feature of input/output devices for fifth-generation computers?
How do fifth-generation computers primarily process tasks?
How do fifth-generation computers primarily process tasks?
Which of the following is NOT typically considered a feature of fifth-generation computers?
Which of the following is NOT typically considered a feature of fifth-generation computers?
Which component is characteristic of fifth-generation computers?
Which component is characteristic of fifth-generation computers?
What was the primary technology used in first generation computers?
What was the primary technology used in first generation computers?
Which generation of computers is characterized by the use of integrated circuits?
Which generation of computers is characterized by the use of integrated circuits?
What was a significant limitation of first generation computers?
What was a significant limitation of first generation computers?
Which of the following is an example of a first generation computer?
Which of the following is an example of a first generation computer?
During which time period did second generation computers primarily develop?
During which time period did second generation computers primarily develop?
What is a defining feature of fourth generation computers?
What is a defining feature of fourth generation computers?
Which mechanical calculator came first in historical development?
Which mechanical calculator came first in historical development?
Which generation of computers is aimed at incorporating artificial intelligence?
Which generation of computers is aimed at incorporating artificial intelligence?
What was the main electronic component used in first-generation computers?
What was the main electronic component used in first-generation computers?
Which programming languages were popular during the second generation of computers?
Which programming languages were popular during the second generation of computers?
What technology replaced vacuum tubes in second-generation computers?
What technology replaced vacuum tubes in second-generation computers?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of first-generation computers?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of first-generation computers?
What was the main memory component used in second-generation computers?
What was the main memory component used in second-generation computers?
What contributed to the improved speed and reduced size of second-generation computers?
What contributed to the improved speed and reduced size of second-generation computers?
Which of the following is an example of a first-generation computer?
Which of the following is an example of a first-generation computer?
Which of the following accurately describes the input/output devices of first-generation computers?
Which of the following accurately describes the input/output devices of first-generation computers?
What was a significant advancement in computing technology during the third generation?
What was a significant advancement in computing technology during the third generation?
Which programming language became prominent during the third generation of computers?
Which programming language became prominent during the third generation of computers?
What component replaced many transistors in third generation computers?
What component replaced many transistors in third generation computers?
Which computer models are associated with the third generation of computers?
Which computer models are associated with the third generation of computers?
What was a primary benefit of using operating systems in third generation computers?
What was a primary benefit of using operating systems in third generation computers?
During which generation were microprocessors first introduced?
During which generation were microprocessors first introduced?
What was the main component in the third generation of computers that improved processing speed and reliability?
What was the main component in the third generation of computers that improved processing speed and reliability?
Which of the following best describes the primary function of microprocessors in the fourth generation of computers?
Which of the following best describes the primary function of microprocessors in the fourth generation of computers?
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Study Notes
Generations of Computers
- Modern computing’s origins trace back to the 16th century
- Computers improved continuously in terms of speed, accuracy, size, and price over time
Key Terms
- Vacuum tube: Used for controlling electron flow in a vacuum.
- Transistor: Used for controlling electricity flow, functioning as a switch or amplifier.
- Integrated circuit (IC): Silicon chips containing circuits like transistors and resistors.
- Microprocessor: Components containing the CPU and its circuits, housed within an IC.
- Central processing unit (CPU): The brain of the computer, responsible for processing and operations.
- Magnetic drum: A cylinder for data storage.
- Magnetic core: Arrays of small rings used for information storage.
- Machine Language: The language computers accept, expressed in binary digits. It is also known as a low-level programming language.
- Memory: Used for storing data, information, and programs in a computer.
- Artificial intelligence: The field of creating intelligent machines and behaviors.
Computer Generations
- First Generation (1940-1956): Vacuum tube based, large, and heavy.
- Examples: ENIAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC
- Second Generation (1956-1963): Transistor based, reduced size and power consumption.
- Examples: PDP-8, IBM 1400 series, IBM 7090, and 7094, UNIVAC 1107, CDC 3600
- Third Generation (1964-1971): Integrated circuit (IC) based, increased speed and reliability.
- Examples: IBM 360, IBM 370, PDP-11, NCR 395, B6500, UNIVAC 1108
- Fourth Generation (1971-Present): Microprocessor based, further decreased size, enhanced power, and introduced operating systems.
- Examples: Desktop computers, laptops, tablets, smartphones
- Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond): Based on artificial intelligence, uses Ultra Large-Scale Integration (ULSI) technology, and parallel processing. Emphasizes natural language processing.
- Examples: AI-powered systems, advanced robotics
Before Computers
- Mechanical calculators played a crucial role before the modern computer era:
- Abacus (ca. 2700 BC)
- Pascal's Calculator (1652)
- Stepped Reckoner (1694)
- Arithmometer (1820)
- Comptometer (1887) and Comptograph (1889)
- The Difference Engine (1822)
- Analytical Engine (1834)
- The Millionaire (1893)
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