Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Symptoms
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary characteristic of generalized anxiety disorder?

  • Fear of a specific object or situation
  • Feeling of anxiousness about a wide range of situations (correct)
  • Recurring thoughts leading to a need to repeatedly perform certain acts
  • Episodes of intense anxiety or panic

    • Which of the following is a psychological feature of generalized anxiety disorder?

  • Hypothyroidism
  • Tachycardia
  • Headaches
  • Lack of concentration (correct)

    • What is a phobia?

  • An episode of intense anxiety or panic
  • A feeling of anxiousness about a wide range of situations
  • A recurring thought leading to a need to repeatedly perform certain acts
  • An irrational fear of an object or situation (correct)

    • Which of the following is a risk factor for anxiety?

    <p>Hyperthyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of anxiety?

    <p>Psychiatric condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is anxiety a response to?

    <p>A normal response to threat or unpredictable change in environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lifetime expectancy of developing depression?

    <p>10-20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sex ratio for bipolar disorder?

    <p>F:M = 1.3:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dental relevance for depression?

    <p>May neglect oral hygiene, leading to caries and periodontal disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the age of onset for schizophrenia?

    <p>15-35 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lifetime risk of developing schizophrenia?

    <p>1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dental relevance for schizophrenic patients?

    <p>They have a higher risk of dry mouth due to medication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is anorexia nervosa?

    <p>An eating disorder where you feel a need to keep your weight as low as possible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the peak age incidence for anorexia nervosa?

    <p>10-19 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is social anxiety disorder?

    <p>A fear of social situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for very anxious patients?

    <p>Sedation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk of suicide for people with anorexia nervosa?

    <p>10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common eating disorder?

    <p>Bulimia nervosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common dental complication of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa?

    <p>Dental erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the age of onset for dementia?

    <p>Over 65 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of dementia?

    <p>Alzheimer's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical feature of Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Drugs and social support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main feature of Parkinson's disease?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common dental complication of Parkinson's disease?

    <p>Poor oral hygiene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is drug abuse?

    <p>The use of natural and synthetic substances to alter mental state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is psychological dependence characterized by?

    <p>A feeling of satisfaction and a drive to repeat the consumption of the drug.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a class A drug?

    <p>Ecstasy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a substance aetiology of drug dependence?

    <p>Pharmacological effect leading to abuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a clinical feature of acute intoxication from cannabis?

    <p>Euphoria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a dental complication that can arise due to cocaine use?

    <p>Ulceration especially where held in the mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is ecstasy derived from?

    <p>MDMA (3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can ecstasy do to appetite?

    <p>Suppress it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a complication of IV drug misuse?

    <p>Hepatitis B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a clinical feature of the acute phase of ecstasy?

    <p>Tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a drug abuser?

    <p>Lying about intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What countries commonly use the drug Qat?

    <p>Northern Yemen and Ethiopia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sign of a drug abuser?

    <p>Inappropriate wearing of sunglasses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a bodily complication that can arise with the ingestion of Qat?

    <p>Abdominal pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a method of detoxification?

    <p>Dose reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a method of rehabilitation?

    <p>Leaving drug culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much does 1 unit of alcohol weigh?

    <p>8g</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a level of alcohol use?

    <p>Social drinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the CAGE questions used for?

    <p>To recognise drinking problems in patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a social feature indicating alcohol dependence?

    <p>Requests for medical certificates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a psychiatric feature indicating alcohol dependence?

    <p>Depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

    • Definition: A long-term condition characterized by feelings of anxiousness about a wide range of situations
    • Key features: Feeling anxious most days
    • Physical clinical features:
      • Dizziness
      • Tachycardia
      • Palpitations
      • Diarrhea
      • Dry mouth
      • Headaches
      • Insomnia
    • Psychological clinical features:
      • Aggression
      • Lack of concentration
      • Poor memory
      • Loss of sleep
      • Irritability
      • Restlessness
      • Worry

    Phobias

    • Definition: An irrational fear of an object or situation that triggers severe anxiety
    • Types:
      • Social phobia: Fear of social situations
      • Specific phobia: Fear of specific objects or situations

    Panic Disorder

    • Definition: Episodes of intense anxiety or panic

    Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

    • Definition: Recurring thoughts leading to a need to repeatedly perform certain acts

    Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

    • Definition: Anxiety caused by a stressful, frightening, or distressing event

    Anxiety: General Characteristics

    • Definition: A normal response to threat or unpredictable change in the environment
    • Risk factors:
      • Genetic predisposition
      • Drug misuse
      • Hyperthyroidism
      • Hypoglycemia
      • Dysrhythmias
      • Increase in adrenaline
    • Clinical features:
      • Tachycardia
      • Dizziness
      • Diarrhea
      • Dry mouth
      • Bruxism
      • Dysphagia
      • Aggression
      • Irritation
      • Poor concentration
      • Reduced pain threshold
      • Sleep loss

    Treatment of Anxiety

    • Sympathy
    • Empathy
    • Reassurance to patient
    • Giving them their control back
    • Sedation for very anxious patients
    • Beta-blockers (muscle relaxant)

    Depression

    • Definition: Sustained depression of mood (unipolar mood disorder)
    • Key features:
      • Lowers mood and affects eating, sleeping, feelings, and emotions
    • Epidemiology:
      • 400 per 100,000 per year
      • Lifetime expectancy: 10-20%
    • Sex ratio: Female:Male = 2:1
    • Clinical features:
      • Sustained lowering of mood
      • Early morning waking
      • Loss of concentration
      • Anhedonia (inability to experience pleasure)
      • Suicidal thoughts
      • Loss of appetite
      • Lack of energy
      • Reduced libido

    Dental Relevance for Depression

    • Increased risk of caries and periodontal disease
    • Hallucinations are common
    • Reduced sexual activity
    • Atypical facial pain
    • Antidepressant medication (e.g., TCA) can cause xerostomia

    Bipolar Disorder

    • Definition: Alternating episodes of depression and euphoria
    • Epidemiology:
      • 20 per 100,000 per year
      • Lifetime expectancy: 1%
    • Sex ratio: Female:Male = 1.3:1
    • Clinical features:
      • Episodes of elevated mood associated with mental and physical overactivity
      • Bright clothes
      • Overfamiliarity
      • Disinhibition
      • Pressure of speech
      • Flight of ideas
      • Grandiose ideas
      • Risk-taking behavior

    Schizophrenia

    • Definition: Psychosis - loss of contact with reality
    • Epidemiology:
      • 1% lifetime risk
    • Aetiology:
      • Genetic
      • Imbalance of brain chemicals (dopamine)
      • Brain damage (virus or drugs)
      • Structural abnormalities
    • Clinical features:
      • Hallucinations (auditory, visual, tactile, gustatory)
      • Delusions
      • Thought disorders
      • Paranoid beliefs
      • Social withdrawal

    Dental Relevance for Schizophrenia

    • Tranquilizers (antipsychotics) can cause xerostomia
    • Increased risk of dental and maxillofacial trauma
    • Difficulty communicating and trusting the dentist
    • Uncooperative behavior
    • Difficulty with oral health instructions

    Eating Disorders

    • Anorexia Nervosa:
      • Definition: Eating disorder characterized by a need to keep weight as low as possible
      • Sex ratio: Female:Male = 20:1
      • Peak age incidence: 10-19 years old
      • Causes:
        • Voluntary reduction in oral intake to reduce body weight
        • Increase in exercise
        • Laxative abuse
        • Vomiting
      • Clinical features:
        • Low self-esteem
        • Depression
        • Anxiety
        • Light-headedness
        • Dizziness
        • Amenorrhea
    • Bulimia Nervosa:
      • Definition: Eating disorder characterized by restricting food intake, then binge eating, and then self-induced vomiting or laxative abuse
      • Epidemiology: 10% of women aged 20-30 are affected
      • Clinical features:
        • Low self-esteem
        • Depression
        • Anxiety
        • Self-harm
      • Complications:
        • Dental erosion (palatal surfaces of upper incisors)
        • Salivary gland enlargement
        • Need to consider low body weight when calculating drug dosages
        • Increased risk of fainting/postural hypotension

    Dementia

    • Definition: Gradual deterioration of intellect, memory, and cognitive function in the absence of a disturbance of consciousness
    • Epidemiology:
      • Onset over 65 years old
    • Aetiology:
      • Degenerative disease (e.g., Alzheimer's)
      • Genetic
      • Vascular
      • Metabolic
      • Toxic
      • Brain lesion (e.g., tumor, infection, inflammation)
    • Clinical features:
      • Impaired intellect, memory, and concentration
      • Difficulty reading, writing, and speaking
      • Personality change
    • Treatment:
      • Social support
    • Complications for dental care:
      • Poor oral hygiene
      • Poor attenders

    Parkinson's Disease

    • Definition: Neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the degeneration of nerve cells in the substantia nigra, leading to a loss of dopamine
    • Epidemiology:
      • 1-2 per 1000 per year
      • Onset: 55-70 years old
    • Clinical features:
      • Tremor
      • Rigidity
      • Hypokinesia
      • Postural changes
      • Loss of facial expression
      • Delayed swallowing
      • Drooling
    • Dental complications:
      • Poor oral hygiene
      • Increased risk of aspiration
      • Difficulty sitting in the dental chair
      • Drooling

    Drug Abuse

    • Definition: The use of natural and synthetic substances to alter mental state
    • Psychological dependence: A condition in which the drug promotes a feeling of satisfaction and a drive to repeat the consumption of the drug to induce pleasure or avoid discomfort
    • Physical dependence: A state that shows itself by physical disturbances when the amount of drug in the body is markedly reduced
    • Tolerance: When markedly increased amounts of the substance are required to achieve the desired effect or there is a markedly diminished effect with regular use of the same dose

    Note: The above notes are a summary of the provided text and are organized by topic for easy review.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder, a long-term condition characterized by excessive anxiety about everyday things. It includes physical and psychological features of GAD.

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