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What is the primary characteristic of generalized anxiety disorder?
Which of the following is a psychological feature of generalized anxiety disorder?
What is a phobia?
Which of the following is a risk factor for anxiety?
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What is the classification of anxiety?
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What is anxiety a response to?
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What is the lifetime expectancy of developing depression?
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What is the sex ratio for bipolar disorder?
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What is the dental relevance for depression?
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What is the age of onset for schizophrenia?
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What is the lifetime risk of developing schizophrenia?
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What is the dental relevance for schizophrenic patients?
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What is anorexia nervosa?
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What is the peak age incidence for anorexia nervosa?
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What is social anxiety disorder?
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What is the treatment for very anxious patients?
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What is the risk of suicide for people with anorexia nervosa?
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What is the most common eating disorder?
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What is a common dental complication of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa?
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What is the age of onset for dementia?
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What is the main cause of dementia?
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What is a common clinical feature of Alzheimer's disease?
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What is the treatment for Alzheimer's disease?
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What is the main feature of Parkinson's disease?
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What is a common dental complication of Parkinson's disease?
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What is drug abuse?
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What is psychological dependence characterized by?
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What is an example of a class A drug?
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What is a substance aetiology of drug dependence?
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What is a clinical feature of acute intoxication from cannabis?
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What is a dental complication that can arise due to cocaine use?
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What is ecstasy derived from?
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What can ecstasy do to appetite?
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What is a complication of IV drug misuse?
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What is a clinical feature of the acute phase of ecstasy?
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What is a characteristic of a drug abuser?
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What countries commonly use the drug Qat?
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What is a sign of a drug abuser?
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What is a bodily complication that can arise with the ingestion of Qat?
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What is a method of detoxification?
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What is a method of rehabilitation?
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How much does 1 unit of alcohol weigh?
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What is a level of alcohol use?
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What are the CAGE questions used for?
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What is a social feature indicating alcohol dependence?
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What is a psychiatric feature indicating alcohol dependence?
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Study Notes
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
- Definition: A long-term condition characterized by feelings of anxiousness about a wide range of situations
- Key features: Feeling anxious most days
- Physical clinical features:
- Dizziness
- Tachycardia
- Palpitations
- Diarrhea
- Dry mouth
- Headaches
- Insomnia
- Psychological clinical features:
- Aggression
- Lack of concentration
- Poor memory
- Loss of sleep
- Irritability
- Restlessness
- Worry
Phobias
- Definition: An irrational fear of an object or situation that triggers severe anxiety
- Types:
- Social phobia: Fear of social situations
- Specific phobia: Fear of specific objects or situations
Panic Disorder
- Definition: Episodes of intense anxiety or panic
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
- Definition: Recurring thoughts leading to a need to repeatedly perform certain acts
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
- Definition: Anxiety caused by a stressful, frightening, or distressing event
Anxiety: General Characteristics
- Definition: A normal response to threat or unpredictable change in the environment
- Risk factors:
- Genetic predisposition
- Drug misuse
- Hyperthyroidism
- Hypoglycemia
- Dysrhythmias
- Increase in adrenaline
- Clinical features:
- Tachycardia
- Dizziness
- Diarrhea
- Dry mouth
- Bruxism
- Dysphagia
- Aggression
- Irritation
- Poor concentration
- Reduced pain threshold
- Sleep loss
Treatment of Anxiety
- Sympathy
- Empathy
- Reassurance to patient
- Giving them their control back
- Sedation for very anxious patients
- Beta-blockers (muscle relaxant)
Depression
- Definition: Sustained depression of mood (unipolar mood disorder)
- Key features:
- Lowers mood and affects eating, sleeping, feelings, and emotions
- Epidemiology:
- 400 per 100,000 per year
- Lifetime expectancy: 10-20%
- Sex ratio: Female:Male = 2:1
- Clinical features:
- Sustained lowering of mood
- Early morning waking
- Loss of concentration
- Anhedonia (inability to experience pleasure)
- Suicidal thoughts
- Loss of appetite
- Lack of energy
- Reduced libido
Dental Relevance for Depression
- Increased risk of caries and periodontal disease
- Hallucinations are common
- Reduced sexual activity
- Atypical facial pain
- Antidepressant medication (e.g., TCA) can cause xerostomia
Bipolar Disorder
- Definition: Alternating episodes of depression and euphoria
- Epidemiology:
- 20 per 100,000 per year
- Lifetime expectancy: 1%
- Sex ratio: Female:Male = 1.3:1
- Clinical features:
- Episodes of elevated mood associated with mental and physical overactivity
- Bright clothes
- Overfamiliarity
- Disinhibition
- Pressure of speech
- Flight of ideas
- Grandiose ideas
- Risk-taking behavior
Schizophrenia
- Definition: Psychosis - loss of contact with reality
- Epidemiology:
- 1% lifetime risk
- Aetiology:
- Genetic
- Imbalance of brain chemicals (dopamine)
- Brain damage (virus or drugs)
- Structural abnormalities
- Clinical features:
- Hallucinations (auditory, visual, tactile, gustatory)
- Delusions
- Thought disorders
- Paranoid beliefs
- Social withdrawal
Dental Relevance for Schizophrenia
- Tranquilizers (antipsychotics) can cause xerostomia
- Increased risk of dental and maxillofacial trauma
- Difficulty communicating and trusting the dentist
- Uncooperative behavior
- Difficulty with oral health instructions
Eating Disorders
- Anorexia Nervosa:
- Definition: Eating disorder characterized by a need to keep weight as low as possible
- Sex ratio: Female:Male = 20:1
- Peak age incidence: 10-19 years old
- Causes:
- Voluntary reduction in oral intake to reduce body weight
- Increase in exercise
- Laxative abuse
- Vomiting
- Clinical features:
- Low self-esteem
- Depression
- Anxiety
- Light-headedness
- Dizziness
- Amenorrhea
- Bulimia Nervosa:
- Definition: Eating disorder characterized by restricting food intake, then binge eating, and then self-induced vomiting or laxative abuse
- Epidemiology: 10% of women aged 20-30 are affected
- Clinical features:
- Low self-esteem
- Depression
- Anxiety
- Self-harm
- Complications:
- Dental erosion (palatal surfaces of upper incisors)
- Salivary gland enlargement
- Need to consider low body weight when calculating drug dosages
- Increased risk of fainting/postural hypotension
Dementia
- Definition: Gradual deterioration of intellect, memory, and cognitive function in the absence of a disturbance of consciousness
- Epidemiology:
- Onset over 65 years old
- Aetiology:
- Degenerative disease (e.g., Alzheimer's)
- Genetic
- Vascular
- Metabolic
- Toxic
- Brain lesion (e.g., tumor, infection, inflammation)
- Clinical features:
- Impaired intellect, memory, and concentration
- Difficulty reading, writing, and speaking
- Personality change
- Treatment:
- Social support
- Complications for dental care:
- Poor oral hygiene
- Poor attenders
Parkinson's Disease
- Definition: Neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the degeneration of nerve cells in the substantia nigra, leading to a loss of dopamine
- Epidemiology:
- 1-2 per 1000 per year
- Onset: 55-70 years old
- Clinical features:
- Tremor
- Rigidity
- Hypokinesia
- Postural changes
- Loss of facial expression
- Delayed swallowing
- Drooling
- Dental complications:
- Poor oral hygiene
- Increased risk of aspiration
- Difficulty sitting in the dental chair
- Drooling
Drug Abuse
- Definition: The use of natural and synthetic substances to alter mental state
- Psychological dependence: A condition in which the drug promotes a feeling of satisfaction and a drive to repeat the consumption of the drug to induce pleasure or avoid discomfort
- Physical dependence: A state that shows itself by physical disturbances when the amount of drug in the body is markedly reduced
- Tolerance: When markedly increased amounts of the substance are required to achieve the desired effect or there is a markedly diminished effect with regular use of the same dose
Note: The above notes are a summary of the provided text and are organized by topic for easy review.
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Description
This quiz covers the symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder, a long-term condition characterized by excessive anxiety about everyday things. It includes physical and psychological features of GAD.
