General Symptoms of Disease

Hiccups

• Transmission route: Fecal-oral and oral-oral
• Symptoms: Unpleasantness and bitterness in the mouth, aerophagia (belching), fullness in the epigastrium, feeling of hunger, irritability, boredom, headache, and rusty tongue

Stomach and Duodenum Diseases

Duodenal Ulcer

• Pain occurs 45-60 minutes after a meal
• Pain relieves with food, antacids, or vomiting within 5-30 minutes
• HP Prevalence: 80-90%

Gastric Ulcer

• HP Prevalence: 60-70%
• Clinical findings are more severe than duodenal ulcer

Marginal Ulcer (Jejunal Ulcer)

• Occurs in 15-20% of cases after simple gastrectomy
• Occurs in 2% of cases after subtotal gastrectomy

Esophagus Diseases

Esophagus Diverticules

• Symptoms: Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), odinophagia (pain as a result of swallowing)

Esophagus Cancer

• Symptoms: Solid-liquid food intake becomes difficult, weight loss increases, regurgitation (return of fluid or food without nausea)
• Symptoms: Pyrosis (burning), pain, vomiting, bleeding, weight loss, halitosis (bad breath), sialorrhea (salivation due to reflexively increased salivation)

Esophagitis

• Etiological factors: Viral infections, oral intake of irritating agents, and extended gastric discharge
• Pathophysiological factors: Abdominal pressure, hiatus hernia
• Treatment approaches: Behaviour change, nutrition treatment, and prohibition of big quantity meals, alcohol, and tight clothes

Gastroesophageal Reflux

• Nutritional therapy: Avoid excessive and high-fat meals, coffee, fruit juices (acidic), chocolate, wine, and alcoholic drinks
• General suggestions: Avoid eating before bedtime, maintain a normal body weight, and eat at least three regular meals a day

Stomach Diseases and Medical Nutrition Treatments

Peptic Ulcer

• Histological definition: Superficial defects less than 5mm in diameter and less than 1mm in depth involving only the mucosa
• Formation: Disruption of the integrity of the gastroduodenal mucosa due to an altered balance between aggressive and protective/repairing factors
• Risk factors: Increased acidity and secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, bile salts, alcohol, and ulcerogenic drugs

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