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Biological Evolution

Changes in characteristics of a population over generations.

Natural Selection

Process where populations adapt to changing environments.

Microevolution

Small changes within a population.

Macroevolution

Accumulation of microevolution leading to new species.

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Theory of Evolution

Current best explanation for how the universe works, supported by evidence.

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Theory of Common Descent

Idea that all species share a common ancestor.

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Darwinism

Another name for the theory of evolution, especially centered on Darwin's work.

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Species

Group of individuals that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

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Gene pool

All the alleles in a species.

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Gene flow

Spread of alleles throughout a species' gene pool.

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Allopatric Speciation

Speciation by geographic isolation.

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Sympatric Speciation

Speciation without geographic isolation.

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Polyploidy

Chromosome duplication in plants leading to speciation.

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Gradualism

Speciation through slow, gradual changes.

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Punctuated Equilibrium

Speciation in rapid bursts followed by periods of little change.

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Adaptation

Traits increasing survival and reproduction.

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Artificial Selection

Human-driven selection of traits in organisms.

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Directional Selection

Selection that favors one extreme trait value.

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Stabilizing Selection

Selection favoring intermediate traits.

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Diversifying Selection

Selection favoring multiple extreme trait values.

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Carrying Capacity

Maximum population size a habitat can sustain.

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Logistic Growth

Population growth slowing as it approaches carrying capacity.

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Density-Dependent Factors

Population-limiting factors that change with population size.

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Density-Independent Factors

Population-limiting factors not affected by population size.

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Extinction

Complete loss of a species or subspecies.

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