General Study Preparation

A manufacturing system focused on mass production with specialized tasks, leading to increased worker efficiency and affordability. Popularized by Henry Ford's car production.

A critical analysis of Fordism, highlighting its downsides like worker deskilling, redundancy, and alienation.

The era after Fordism, characterized by knowledge-based economies, technology dependence, and globalization.

Refers to the shift from a goods-based economy to an information-based economy, emphasizing knowledge, human capital, and service work.

A management approach characterized by efficient production, flexibility, and constant improvement, often associated with Toyota.

The practice of using international resources for production and services, leading to global competition and interconnected markets.

A form of labor organization based on flexibility, non-standardized tasks, and adaptability, contrasting with the rigid structure of Fordism.

A new class in Post-Fordism, often referred to as the "middle class" or"knowledge workers", characterized by their education and skills in knowledge-based industries.

Unpaid tasks done in the household, often naturalized as women's responsibility, leading to a 'second shift' of work after regular work.

Historical shift where women re-entered the workforce after a period of limited participation due to factors like wars, labor regulations, and changing societal views.

The blurring of boundaries between work and personal life, where work spills over into private life, and vice versa.

A state of constant movement from one temporary job to another, where the lines between work and private life become blurred.

A system where employers benefit from labor and have power, while employees have minimal or no power.

Policies that emphasize labor market participation and flexibility, leading to a greater blurring of work and private life.

The average pay gap between men and women doing the same job.

Work that is undeclared, done at home, or illegal, and can potentially be monetized due to its lack of formal recognition.

Economic and psychological models that focus on individual behavior to solve climate change, often overlooking societal structures.

The difference between what people say they value and their actual choices and actions.

A sociological perspective that emphasizes the role of shared beliefs, norms, and values in shaping how people understand and respond to climate change.

A sociological perspective that emphasizes the role of material structures, economic power, and social inequalities in shaping climate change impacts.

The idea that individuals are not the only factors influencing behavior; social structures and power dynamics also play a significant role.

Automatic behaviors that are not necessarily based on conscious choices but shaped by social structures and routines.

The study of how social interactions and structures influence the relationship between society and the environment.

The idea that both constructivist (cultural understanding) and realist (material structures) perspectives are necessary to understand climate change.

The idea that climate change is a real and immediate threat that requires drastic and immediate action. This view emphasizes the urgency of the problem and the need for radical solutions.

The belief that climate change is a slow and gradual process that we can adapt to and transform within our existing social and economic structures. Advocates for gradualism believe that addressing the problem should be a more gradual process, involving existing systems and frameworks.

The view that climate change is not real or that the evidence is too uncertain to warrant action. This view often discounts or dismisses scientific findings, arguing that the problem is either not significant or not caused by human activities.

The concept that some racial groups disproportionately bear the burden of climate change and pollution due to unequal distribution of resources and environmental hazards. This is often linked to economic inequalities and social injustice.

Risks that arise naturally from events like natural disasters or biological processes. These are uncontrollable and often unpredictable.

Risks that stem from human activities, including technology, knowledge, and behavior. These risks are often related to industrialization and technological advancement.

A societal model proposed by Ulrich Beck, where industrialized and technologically advanced societies face a multitude of manufactured risks, resulting in a sense of uncertainty, individual vulnerability, and a loss of control. This concept highlights the constant presence of risks in modern society.

A situation where individuals or groups are reluctant to contribute to collective action due to the belief that the costs of action are too great or that their contribution will have little impact. This can hinder efforts to address shared problems like climate change.

Sociology should be objective and value-free, focusing on empirical data rather than personal opinions or beliefs. It aims to describe how the social world is, without dictating how it should be.

A model of economic decision-making that takes into account both planetary boundaries and social needs, aiming for a sustainable and just economy.

Sociology actively engages with social issues and aims to guide actions towards a better society. It uses scientific knowledge to propose solutions and promote social justice.

It emphasizes recognizing the inherent biases of the researcher and critically examining the assumptions and perspectives that shape their knowledge.

A theory that argues for continued technological innovation and development as the solution to environmental problems, suggesting we can progress through an ecological transition.

A fundamental shift in thinking about sociology, involves continuously questioning the taken-for-granted assumptions in sociological knowledge and research.

The idea that the burdens and benefits of climate change, and its solutions, are not shared equally across the globe. It focuses on the inequities of who is responsible for the crisis and who is most affected.

The knowledge systems, practices, beliefs, and norms of Indigenous peoples. It encompasses the knowledge passed down through generations.

Conflicts arising from differences in knowledge and credibility within society, where some voices are more easily heard than others.

Conflicts based on clear political differences, where contrasting perspectives on reality and solutions are openly debated.

A concept that extends rights to nature, recognizing the intrinsic value of the environment and advocating for its protection. It also suggests a civic duty to protect the environment.

The process of intentionally doubting one's own assumptions and biases in order to ensure that they are not skewing research results.

The idea that sociological knowledge is not absolute truth but is shaped by the social context of the researcher.

The current geological epoch characterized by significant human impact on the Earth's systems, particularly climate change.