General Study Notes Quiz

β-strands that run in the same direction, leading to potential misalignment.

β-strands that run in opposite directions, allowing better alignment and stronger interactions.

A natural fibrous protein produced by organisms such as spiders and silkworms.

The three-dimensional shape of a protein stabilized by interactions between R groups.

A covalent bond formed between -SH groups of two cysteine residues, stabilizing protein structure.

A distinct part of a protein that can fold independently and carry out specific functions.

A cell with a compartmentalized structure featuring membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus.

A type of ER studded with ribosomes, essential for protein synthesis and modification.

A solution that causes a cell to shrink due to water loss.

A solution that causes a cell to swell due to water gain.

A solution where a cell maintains its size, no net movement of water.

A membrane protein that helps move specific molecules across membranes.

A protein that facilitates glucose uptake in response to insulin.

A membrane protein that uses ATP to move ions against their gradient.

Maintains sodium and potassium balance by pumping sodium out and potassium in.

Moves calcium ions to regulate intracellular levels using ATP.

Molecules with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts.

Molecules that have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails, making them amphipathic.

A double-layered structure formed by phospholipids, crucial for cell membranes.

Molecule that contributes to the stability, fluidity, and permeability of cell membranes.

Enzymes that help in the movement of lipids within biological membranes.

Enzymes that flip specific types of lipids from one side of a membrane to the other.

Cell surface receptors that are important for cell adhesion and signaling.

A carbohydrate structure on the cell surface important for communication and adhesion.

Entropy of an isolated system tends to increase, leading to disorder.

Free energy change calculated as ΔG=ΔH−TΔS.

Exergonic releases energy; endergonic requires energy.

A measure of disorder or randomness in a system.

Biological catalysts that speed up reactions without being consumed.

Contains a central carbon, amino group, carboxyl group, R group, and hydrogen.

Covalent bond linking two amino acids together.

Local, regular structure of a protein's backbone, stabilized by hydrogen bonds.

DNA strands run in opposite directions (5' to 3' and 3' to 5').

Holds the sugar-phosphate backbone of each DNA strand together.

Holds the two DNA strands together between complementary bases.

Adenine pairs with Thymine through two hydrogen bonds.

Cytosine pairs with Guanine through three hydrogen bonds, making them stronger.

Process of turning a gene's information into a functional product (protein or RNA).

A picture of all chromosomes in a cell, arranged in pairs, showing number and structure.

When a chromosome piece breaks off and attaches to another chromosome.

Process of DNA compacting via modifications like methylation and acetylation.

Heterochromatin is compact and inactive; euchromatin is loose and active.

Changes to histones that affect their interaction with DNA, influencing gene expression.

Lysine can be acetylated, methylated, ubiquitinated, or sumoylated for regulation.

Turning off specific genes to control expression during development and function.

Process where one X chromosome in female mammals is turned off to balance gene expression.

The visible form of the inactive X chromosome in females, resulting from X-inactivation.

DNA regions that prevent heterochromatin from spreading into euchromatin.