General Study Notes Quiz

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What is the primary function of red blood cells?

Transport hormones
Transport carbon dioxide
Transport oxygen (correct)
Maintain body temperature

The cardiac cycle includes phases of systole and diastole.

True (A)

What happens during ventricular systole?

The ventricles contract to pump blood out of the heart.

In blood plasma, about _____% is water.

91 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of blood with their functions:

Plasma = Transport nutrients and waste Red blood cells = Transport oxygen White blood cells = Protection against disease Platelets = Blood clotting Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a lifestyle factor that can increase the risk of coronary heart disease?

High cholesterol diet (C) Signup and view all the answers

Angina is the same as a heart attack.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

The pH of blood typically ranges from _ to _.

7, 8 Signup and view all the answers

What describes the direction in which the two strands of DNA run?

Anti-parallel (A) Signup and view all the answers

Mitochondrial DNA contains histones to help package the DNA.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary structure that forms when DNA coils around histones?

Nucleosome Signup and view all the answers

In DNA, _____ and thymine are complementary bases.

adenine Signup and view all the answers

What is one key difference between nuclear DNA and mitochondrial DNA?

Nuclear DNA has histones, mtDNA does not (B) Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms to their correct definitions:

Gene = A section of DNA that codes for a protein Genetic code = The order of the nitrogenous bases in DNA Protein synthesis = The process of creating proteins from genes Chromosome = Densely coiled DNA structure during cell division Signup and view all the answers

RNA contains the nitrogenous base uracil instead of thymine.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

How many genes does mitochondrial DNA contain?

37 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary functional unit of the kidney?

Nephron (B) Signup and view all the answers

Blood cells and large protein molecules are filtered by the glomerulus.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What structures make up the renal corpuscle?

Glomerulus and glomerular capsule Signup and view all the answers

The _____ arteriole has a narrower diameter than the afferent arteriole, increasing resistance and maintaining high blood pressure in the glomerulus.

efferent Signup and view all the answers

Match the structures of the nephron with their functions:

Proximal convoluted tubule = Selective reabsorption of water, glucose, and amino acids Loop of Henle = Concentration of urine through water reabsorption Distal convoluted tubule = Fine-tuning of ion and water balance Glomerulus = Filtration of blood Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is NOT selectively reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?

Large proteins (A) Signup and view all the answers

High blood pressure in the glomerulus is important for the process of glomerular filtration.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

In the process of selective reabsorption, substances from the filtrate are moved back into the _____ through passive or active mechanisms.

blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of crossing over during meiosis?

To increase genetic diversity among gametes (B) Signup and view all the answers

Variations refer to the uniform traits found in individuals of the same species.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Define the term 'variation'.

Variations are the differences in traits, or phenotype, that occur between individuals of the same species. Signup and view all the answers

During anaphase I of meiosis, __________ pairs of chromosomes separate.

homologous Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms related to meiosis with their definitions:

Chiasma = Point where crossing over occurs Crossing over = Exchange of DNA segments between homologous chromosomes Random assortment = Independent separation of chromosomes during meiosis Genetic diversity = Variability in genetic traits among individuals Signup and view all the answers

Why is genetic diversity in daughter cells formed via meiosis important?

It enhances survival and adaptability of the species. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Explain how crossing over contributes to the differences between gametes produced by meiosis.

Crossing over allows for the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes, resulting in new combinations of alleles in gametes. Signup and view all the answers

The number of chromosomes is halved during meiosis to ensure that gametes have a diploid set of chromosomes.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What best describes an organism that is heterozygous for a gene?

Has two different alleles (B) Signup and view all the answers

An autosomal trait is associated with alleles located on sex chromosomes.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a single-gene disorder?

A disorder caused by variations or mutations in the DNA sequence of a specific gene. Signup and view all the answers

The trait for Huntington's disease is inherited in an ______ manner.

autosomal dominant Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an autosomal single-gene disorder?

Huntington's disease (D) Signup and view all the answers

Match the following traits to their inheritance mode:

Huntington's disease = Autosomal dominant PKU = Autosomal recessive Hemophilia = X-linked recessive Color blindness = X-linked recessive Signup and view all the answers

The persistence of the Huntington's disease allele in the population is due to its recessive nature.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

List two symptoms of Huntington's disease.

Involuntary muscle movements, cognitive decline Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of FSH and LH during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?

To promote the development of ovarian follicles (A) Signup and view all the answers

An embryo is defined as the developing individual after the second month of pregnancy.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a zygote?

A diploid cell created when a sperm fertilizes an egg. Signup and view all the answers

The stage of development known as the ______ occurs from fertilization to the end of the eighth week of pregnancy.

embryonic period Signup and view all the answers

How does the release of oestrogen and progesterone influence the pituitary hormones?

High levels promote release, while low levels inhibit release. (D) Signup and view all the answers

The process of cleavage results in the formation of the morula, where the cells increase in size.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

The fertilized egg is moved from the Fallopian tube to the uterus through ______ and smooth muscle contractions.

cilia Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Zygote = Diploid cell formed after fertilization Embryo = Developing stage from fertilization to 8 weeks Foetus = Developing individual after 8 weeks Morula = Early cluster of cells formed by cleavage Signup and view all the answers

Cardiac Cycle Phases

The sequence of events in the heart during one complete heartbeat, involving diastole, atrial systole, and ventricular systole.

Blood Components

Blood is made of plasma (liquid portion), and formed elements (cells and platelets).