AP Psych Midterm

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Which area of psychology focuses on fulfilling personal goals and personal growth?

Behavioral Psychology
Cognitive Psychology
Biological Psychology
Humanistic Psychology (correct)

What bias occurs when individuals tend to see events as having been predictable after they have occurred?

Sampling Bias
Social Desirability Bias
Hindsight Bias (correct)
Self-Report Bias

Which of the following best describes a naturalistic observation?

Conducting an extensive interview with a single individual
Observing subjects in their natural environment without intervention (correct)
Manipulating variables in a controlled setting
Gathering data through surveys

Which type of sampling is more likely to introduce a bias due to the convenience of selection?

Convenience Sampling (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does a correlation coefficient indicate?

The strength and direction of a relationship between two variables (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological approach emphasizes mental activities such as thinking and memory?

Cognitive Psychology (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological area studies how unconscious wishes and childhood experiences influence behavior?

Psychodynamic Psychology (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hypothesis can be tested and potentially proven wrong?

Falsifiable Hypothesis (D) Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes sensation from perception?

Sensation involves sensory detection and perception is the brain's interpretation. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What defines the Just Noticeable Difference threshold?

The smallest detectable change in stimulus intensity. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes transduction?

The transformation of sensory stimuli into signals the brain can understand. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does the Gate Control theory explain the experience of pain?

It indicates that pain signals can be blocked or allowed through the spinal cord. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between monocular and binocular cues?

Monocular cues require one eye, while binocular cues need both eyes. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What determines the pitch of sound we hear?

The frequency of sound waves. (A) Signup and view all the answers

In the visual cliff experiment, what was concluded about depth perception?

Most babies avoided the cliff, indicating early development of depth perception. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What role does the amplitude of sound waves play in our hearing?

It influences the volume of the sound. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the hippocampus?

Makes memories and learning new things (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which gland is known as the 'master gland' of the endocrine system?

Pituitary Gland (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

Classical conditioning is learning by association, while operant conditioning is learning through rewards or punishment. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is REM sleep also known as?

Paradoxical sleep (A) Signup and view all the answers

In Pavlov's experiment, which of the following describes the Conditioned Stimulus (CS)?

The bell after conditioning. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How many sleep stages do humans typically cycle through in a night?

4 stages (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of shaping in operant conditioning?

Rewarding a dog for completing the first step of a trick. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What happens during a night terror?

Happens in deep sleep with no memory of the event (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a possible effect of sleep deprivation?

Decreased emotional regulation (B), Mood swings (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does extinction occur in classical conditioning?

The unconditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented alone. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between tolerance and addiction?

Tolerance is the need for more substance to feel effects, addiction is dependence despite negatives (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the Law of Effect state about behavior?

Behaviors followed by favorable outcomes are strengthened. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are sleep spindles associated with?

Memory consolidation in NREM sleep (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the misinformation effect?

It can change how you remember an event due to misleading details. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What type of reinforcement schedule tends to produce the fastest learning?

Continuous reinforcement. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes retrograde amnesia from anterograde amnesia?

Anterograde amnesia is characterized by the inability to remember past events. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant implication of the Little Albert experiment?

It showed that emotional responses can be learned through conditioning. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a positive reinforcement?

Presenting a rewarding stimulus to increase a behavior. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which example best illustrates the representativeness heuristic?

Assuming a person who enjoys baking is a professional baker. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What best differentiates semantics from syntax in language?

Semantics involves word meanings, while syntax deals with grammar and order. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding fluid intelligence?

It is the problem-solving ability that generally declines with age. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How do aptitude tests differ from achievement tests?

Aptitude tests assess learned knowledge, while achievement tests evaluate potential. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of a longitudinal study?

Following the same subjects over an extended period to observe changes. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the Flynn Effect in intelligence testing?

An increase in average IQ scores across generations. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of neurotransmitters?

To communicate signals between neurons (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the neuron is responsible for receiving signals?

Dendrites (C) Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the action potential phase of a neuron?

The inside of the neuron becomes positively charged (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following neurotransmitters is primarily associated with the regulation of mood and happiness?

Serotonin (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the myelin sheath?

To speed up signal transmission (D) Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the nervous system would you find sensory (afferent) neurons?

Peripheral Nervous System (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the refractory period in neuron firing?

To reset the neuron's charge for the next action potential (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'all-or-none response' refer to in neuronal function?

Neurons do not fire at all if the threshold is not reached (C) Signup and view all the answers

Hindsight Bias

The tendency to believe, after an event has occurred, that one would have predicted it.

Falsifiable Hypothesis

A hypothesis that can be proven wrong through experimentation or observation.