General Quiz on Study Notes

Using the ease with which examples come to mind as a proxy for frequency or likelihood.

Using easily assessed information (heuristics) as a proxy for needed information.

Judging something based on its similarity to a prototype or existing category.

The mistaken belief that random events are influenced by previous outcomes.

Overestimating the probability of two events occurring together.

Assessment of how often events have occurred in the past.

Efficient strategies that usually lead to the correct answer but may be flawed.

Process of drawing conclusions from available evidence.

The tendency to think about an object only in terms of its usual function, hindering the ability to see other uses for it.

Preconceived notions or assumptions that restrict problem-solving options.

Finding one best solution to a problem by analyzing the problem in all its details.

Generating multiple, creative solutions to a problem.

A sudden understanding or solution to a problem.

The ability to reason, solve problems, and gain new knowledge.

A standardized test used to measure intelligence, that originally aimed to identify children with learning differences.

Overestimating the intensity and duration of emotions related to future events.

Ignoring the duration of an event when evaluating its impact.

Focusing on a single event while ignoring the impact of other factors.

Judging the logical validity of an argument based on whether its conclusion is believed to be true or false.

Logical arguments containing two premises and a conclusion, using categorical statements (all, none, some).

Choosing the option that moves closer to the goal in problem solving.

Deciding how to make your current state more like your goal state; finding the steps to reach a certain goal.

Problems where the goal state and methods for reaching it are not clearly specified.

The smallest unit of sound in a language that distinguishes words from each other. For example, the words 'cat,' 'cot,' and 'cut' differ only in their final phoneme.

The smallest unit of meaning in a language. It can be a word, a part of a word, or a sound that has meaning on its own.

A morpheme that carries the main meaning of a word.

A morpheme that modifies the meaning of a content morpheme, such as prefixes and suffixes.

The ability to create an infinite number of new sentences and combinations of words from a limited set of basic elements.

The set of rules that govern the structure of phrases and sentences in a language.

A rule that specifies the hierarchical organization of a sentence, indicating how phrases are combined to form larger units.

The process of analyzing a sentence to determine the grammatical role of each word, enabling us to understand the meaning of the sentence.

A score representing a person's mental abilities relative to others of the same age. It's calculated by dividing mental age by chronological age and multiplying by 100.

An individual's cognitive abilities as measured by standardized tests, expressed as the average age at which typical individuals achieve that score.

A person's actual age in years.

An IQ score within the average range, typically between 85 and 115, indicating cognitive abilities aligned with most people of the same age.

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, a widely used test to assess adult intelligence across multiple cognitive domains.

A graphical representation of a normal distribution, where most scores cluster around the average and fewer scores are found at the extremes.

A broad cognitive ability that underlies performance across various mental tasks. It's a fundamental factor contributing to individual differences in intellectual capacity.

The knowledge and skills acquired through experience and learning. It's reflected in vocabulary tests, factual knowledge, and understanding of the world.

The level of categorization that we use most often and that represents the most useful compromise between specificity and generality. It's the level of categorization that is easiest to identify and retrieve from memory.

The most general level of categorization, focusing on broad categories like "furniture" or "animal."

The most specific level of categorization, focusing on very detailed categories like "armchair" or "golden retriever."

A model of how knowledge is organized in memory, where concepts are linked to each other in a hierarchical structure. This structure minimizes redundancy and allows for efficient retrieval of information.

The process by which activation spreads from one node in a hierarchical network to other related nodes. This helps to explain why we are faster at identifying a canary as a bird than an ostrich as a bird.

A model of how knowledge is represented in memory, where concepts are not stored in single nodes but are distributed across multiple nodes. This model is consistent with the way the brain processes information.

A model of how knowledge is represented in memory, where knowledge is represented as propositions, which are the smallest units of knowledge that can be either true or false. Each proposition is represented by an ellipse and connected to other concepts by associations.