General Quiz - No Specific Topic

Ethical systems that claim moral judgments are based on facts about the natural world.

A type of ethical theory that focuses on the development of good character traits, or virtues, in individuals, rather than on rules for actions.

The idea that goodness is an abstract concept separate from the natural world, existing as a Form that can be accessed through reason.

The state of complete happiness and fulfillment, achieved through fulfilling one's natural objectives.

A theory that suggests morality arises from agreements or contracts entered into by individuals to live in a society.

The idea that moral judgments are rooted in feelings and emotions, rather than pure reason.

The belief that we have a natural right to protect ourselves from harm and use any means necessary for self-defense.

A moral principle that suggests we should act only on principles that we could rationally will to be universal laws. This means our actions should be consistent with our intentions and applicable to everyone.

A moral philosophy that holds that the rightness of an action is determined by the happiness it produces. The goal is to maximize happiness for the greatest number of people.

The idea that a politically united people, or the state, has a collective will that goes beyond individual desires. This will represents the common good and is essential for the state's functioning.

The state or government is considered a moral person with its own will and agency. This view contrasts with individualistic perspectives that see the state as simply a collection of individuals.

The belief that moral principles are not subject to change or exception. This view suggests that ethical knowledge is not dependent on scientific investigation.

The idea that reason alone, without any reliance on emotions or sensory experiences, can determine what is morally right. This view emphasizes the importance of rational thought in ethical decision-making.

The belief that goodness is an intrinsic quality that can be understood without referring to its consequences or effects. This means that something can be good in itself, regardless of its practical benefits.

The assertion that right actions are those that produce more good than alternative actions. This view prioritizes the consequences of actions in determining rightness.

The idea that it is a moral obligation to create as much good as possible. This view emphasizes the importance of promoting good outcomes.

A fundamental principle stating that we cannot have absolute certainty about anything until we are certain of our own existence.

The idea that even though humans are physically weak, their ability to think and understand their mortality makes them superior to the universe, which, despite its power, lacks this awareness.

Spinoza's philosophical system, based on logic and reasoning, that aims to understand the nature of God and the world through a set of definitions, axioms, and propositions.

A state of being where one is free from external influences and fully understands the nature of things through reason.

The belief that God and the universe are one and the same, with God being the underlying substance of all existence.

The idea that human beings are driven by desires and passions, which often lead to conflicts and suffering.

The profound fear or unease that comes from contemplating the vastness and emptiness of the universe.

The profound realization that death is a solitary experience, where each individual faces the end alone.

Pascal's belief that humans, despite being physically frail, possess the ability to think and reason, making them unique and dignified even in the face of a powerful universe.

Spinoza's belief that the Jewish religion ultimately failed to provide him with genuine spiritual fulfillment.

Living a life that is fulfilling and flourishing, achieved through developing good character traits. It's about making choices and taking actions that align with your true nature and potential.

A state of living a life in harmony with your true nature by finding the right balance between excess and deficiency in all aspects of life.

A specific virtue defined by Aristotle as the right balance between the extremes of recklessness and cowardice when faced with danger.

A virtue that involves finding the right balance between indulging in pleasures and being completely insensitive.

A specific virtue related to finding the right balance in dealing with money, avoiding both stinginess and extravagance.

Our natural abilities to feel and act in different ways.

A complex tendency or disposition to act and feel in certain ways under specific circumstances.

Aristotle's view that moral virtues are states of character, not passions or faculties.

We are not praised or blamed for feelings, but for our virtuous actions.

We praise people for using their faculties appropriately, not just for having them.

Aristotle's theory that virtue lies in the middle ground, avoiding excess and deficiency.

A state of character that involves feeling and reacting to situations in the appropriate way and to the appropriate degree.

An extreme state of character involving excessive sexual desire and indiscriminate behavior.

An extreme state of character involving too little sexual desire and reaction.

Virtues are states of character that lie at the middle ground between excess and deficiency.