General Quiz Instructions

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What is a representative sample?

A sample that is biased and not reflective
A sample that accurately reflects the population (correct)
A sample that includes the entire population
A sample that is randomly selected

A sampling frame is necessary for selecting a representative sample.

True (A)

Define sample bias.

Distortion in representativeness of a sample.

The segment of the population selected for investigation is called a ______.

sample Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Population = Universe of units from which the sample is selected Sampling frame = List of units to draw a sample Generalizable study = Allows claims about a larger population Sample bias = Distortion in representativeness of sample Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary purposes of the Privacy Act?

To access personal information held by the government (C) Signup and view all the answers

Reliability refers to the extent to which a measure yields consistent results on repeated trials.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

List one criterion for assessing documents in social research.

Authenticity, Credibility, Meaning, Representativeness Signup and view all the answers

A __________ study tracks changes in the same population over time.

trend Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of surveys to their characteristics:

Cross-sectional = Snapshot of one point in time Longitudinal = Pattern over time Trend study = Track changes in same population Panel study = Track changes with same people Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is a weakness of survey methods?

Low validity (C) Signup and view all the answers

The term 'response rate' refers to the percentage of the population that refuses to participate in a survey.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible source of error in surveys?

Sampling, interviewer effects, response bias, questionnaire problems Signup and view all the answers

What type of sampling ensures every subject has an equal chance of selection?

Simple random sampling (B) Signup and view all the answers

Increasing the size of a sample guarantees precision in sample results.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a control group in an experiment?

To provide a baseline for comparison with the experimental group. Signup and view all the answers

The process of reaching conclusions about a population based on sample data is called __________.

statistical inference Signup and view all the answers

Match the sampling methods with their definitions:

Convenience sampling = Subjects are easily accessible Stratified sampling = Representative subjects from various subgroups Systematic sampling = Selection of every nth subject Purposive sampling = Subjects selected based on specific characteristics Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main roles of a moderator in guided conversations?

To facilitate the interview and draw information from participants (B) Signup and view all the answers

In ethnographic research, the researcher is not involved in the culture being studied.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which sampling type involves clusters being selected first?

Multi-stage cluster sampling (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of content analysis?

To systematically examine and interpret a body of material for patterns, themes, biases, and meanings. Signup and view all the answers

A heterogeneous population is likely to have less variation among its members.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a margin of error?

The difference between the true population value and the estimated value based on the sample. Signup and view all the answers

The degree to which a sample reflects the characteristics of a population is known as __________.

representativeness Signup and view all the answers

The initial participant that snowball sampling begins with is known as __________.

the seed Signup and view all the answers

Match each qualitative research method with its definition:

Ethnography = Immersion in a group's culture for extended observation Case Study = Investigation of a phenomenon in a real-life context Content Analysis = Systematic examination of communication material Historical Analysis = Understanding topics by constructing a chronology of events Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a disadvantage of conducting experiments?

They may occur in unnatural settings. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a disadvantage of guided conversations?

Unnatural setting and less control (C) Signup and view all the answers

A representative sample can be thought of as a microcosm of the population.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Hawthorne effect' refer to in research?

The change in behavior of study participants due to their awareness of being observed. Signup and view all the answers

In ethnography, the 'stranger' refers to someone who __________.

enters a group without insider knowledge Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a criterion for assessing documents in social research?

Popularity (B) Signup and view all the answers

Qualitative content analysis focuses on quantifying content rather than exploring textual meaning.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is one key skill required by moderators conducting discussions?

Ability to facilitate open discussion. Signup and view all the answers

In qualitative research, coding can be both and .

deductive; inductive Signup and view all the answers

Which approach is less interested in how people see things and more interested in how they do things?

Ethnomethodology (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of variable can be ranked but the distances between the ranks are not equal?

Ordinal variable (C) Signup and view all the answers

Independent variables are controlled and manipulated in research.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

Define what a 'measure of central tendency' means in statistics.

A measure of central tendency is a statistical measure that identifies a single value as representative of an entire dataset. Signup and view all the answers

The difference between the maximum and minimum value in a dataset is known as the _______.

range Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of measures of central tendency from smallest to largest?

Mode, Median, Mean (C) Signup and view all the answers

Descriptive statistics are used to make predictions about a larger population.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

The _______ is a measure that indicates how spread out the values are from the mean.

standard deviation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following defines causation?

When one variable causes variation in another (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of closed-ended questions?

Easier to process data (B) Signup and view all the answers

Independent variables are not controlled or manipulated in a study.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What are the two primary groups of variables in research?

Independent variables and dependent variables Signup and view all the answers

A _____ variable has categories that can be ranked, but the distances between the categories are not equal.

ordinal Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following question types requires respondents to provide their own answers?

Open-ended questions (B) Signup and view all the answers

Descriptive statistics are used to make conclusions about a larger population based on a sample.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does a contingency table show?

The relationship between two variables Signup and view all the answers

The _____ is the most frequently occurring value in a data set.

mode Signup and view all the answers

In a Likert scale question, respondents typically rate their level of agreement on a scale. What is a common number of response options used?

5 (B) Signup and view all the answers

Variance measures how closely values in a distribution are to the mean.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of analysis involves examining two variables simultaneously?

Bivariate analysis Signup and view all the answers

The difference between the maximum and minimum values in a data set is called the _____ .

range Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of variables with their descriptions:

Nominal = Categories with no order Ordinal = Ranked categories with no known distances Interval = Equal distances between values Ratio = Same as interval but with a true zero point Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of qualitative research?

Uses open-ended questionnaires (D) Signup and view all the answers

In a matrix question, respondents are asked to evaluate multiple items using the same set of response options.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

Sampling

Selecting a subset of a population for investigation.

Representative Sample

A sample that accurately reflects the characteristics of the entire population.