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Questions and Answers
What is the critical pH value of extracellular fluid (ECF) that must be maintained for tissue survival?
What is the critical pH value of extracellular fluid (ECF) that must be maintained for tissue survival?
What percentage of total body water is represented by intracellular fluid?
What percentage of total body water is represented by intracellular fluid?
Which system is NOT involved in regulating body temperature?
Which system is NOT involved in regulating body temperature?
Which of the following is NOT an organic substance found in body fluids?
Which of the following is NOT an organic substance found in body fluids?
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What is the primary purpose of the homeostatic mechanism?
What is the primary purpose of the homeostatic mechanism?
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What is the primary cause of dehydration?
What is the primary cause of dehydration?
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Which two systems work together to ensure adequate nutrient supply to the cells?
Which two systems work together to ensure adequate nutrient supply to the cells?
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Which homeostatic process uses a negative feedback mechanism?
Which homeostatic process uses a negative feedback mechanism?
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How much total water does the body generally lose in a day?
How much total water does the body generally lose in a day?
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Which condition is characterized by having too much water in the body?
Which condition is characterized by having too much water in the body?
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What do the kidneys primarily help regulate in the body?
What do the kidneys primarily help regulate in the body?
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What is the role of the respiratory system in homeostasis?
What is the role of the respiratory system in homeostasis?
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What symptom is associated with severe dehydration?
What symptom is associated with severe dehydration?
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Which loss mechanism accounts for the highest volume of daily water loss?
Which loss mechanism accounts for the highest volume of daily water loss?
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How do hormones contribute to homeostasis?
How do hormones contribute to homeostasis?
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Which of the following is a potential consequence of very severe dehydration?
Which of the following is a potential consequence of very severe dehydration?
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What is the primary role of muscle tissue?
What is the primary role of muscle tissue?
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What constitutes an organ in the human body?
What constitutes an organ in the human body?
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Which component is NOT part of the homeostatic system?
Which component is NOT part of the homeostatic system?
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What is the function of the cell membrane?
What is the function of the cell membrane?
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How does homeostasis maintain a constant internal environment?
How does homeostasis maintain a constant internal environment?
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Which of the following types of epithelial tissue provides the best barrier against physical stress?
Which of the following types of epithelial tissue provides the best barrier against physical stress?
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What does the cytoplasm contain?
What does the cytoplasm contain?
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Which organ system is primarily responsible for digestion?
Which organ system is primarily responsible for digestion?
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What role does thyroxin play in the negative feedback mechanism involving TSH?
What role does thyroxin play in the negative feedback mechanism involving TSH?
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Which of the following statements about positive feedback mechanisms is true?
Which of the following statements about positive feedback mechanisms is true?
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During which stage of blood clotting does thrombin stimulate the formation of more prothrombin activator?
During which stage of blood clotting does thrombin stimulate the formation of more prothrombin activator?
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What percentage of body weight is made up by total body water in a normal young adult male?
What percentage of body weight is made up by total body water in a normal young adult male?
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Which statement best describes how water moves within the body?
Which statement best describes how water moves within the body?
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In which scenario is positive feedback particularly significant?
In which scenario is positive feedback particularly significant?
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What occurs when thyroxin levels in the blood decrease?
What occurs when thyroxin levels in the blood decrease?
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What is the primary component of the fluid part of the human body?
What is the primary component of the fluid part of the human body?
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Study Notes
General Physiology
- Cell: The basic structural and functional unit of living organisms, possessing all characteristics of life.
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Tissue: A group of cells with similar function, categorized into four main types:
- Muscle tissue (skeletal, smooth, cardiac)
- Nervous tissue (neurons, supporting cells)
- Epithelial tissue (squamous, columnar, cuboidal)
- Connective tissue (proper, cartilage, bone, blood)
- Organ: A structure formed by two or more tissue types, some tubular (intestine) or hollow (stomach), performing specific functions.
- System: A group of organs working together to perform a specific function (e.g., digestive system for food digestion).
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Cell Structure:
- Cell membrane (plasma membrane) surrounding the cell body.
- Nucleus: Control centre of the cell
- Cytoplasm with organelles: The internal contents of the cell, excluding the nucleus.
Homeostasis
- Homeostasis: The maintenance of a stable internal environment within the body, including factors like nutrients, ions, and temperature. The extracellular fluid (ECF) is the internal environment where cells live.
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Components of Homeostatic System:
- Detectors/Sensors: Identify deviations from the normal state.
- Integrating Center: Processes the information from detectors and sends commands.
- Effectors: Respond to the commands to correct the deviation.
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Mechanism of Action:
- Negative Feedback: System reverses a change to maintain stability (e.g., blood clotting, regulating water balance).
- Positive Feedback: System amplifies a change, often important during emergencies (e.g., blood clotting).
Body Fluids
- Body Fluids: Composed of water and dissolved substances (solids). Contains organic substances (glucose, proteins, lipids) and inorganic substances (sodium, potassium, etc.).
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Water Balance:
- Daily water intake (approximately 2500 mL).
- Daily water loss (approximately 2500 mL).
- Body fluid compartments (intracellular and extracellular, including plasma and interstitial fluid) and their proportions.
Dehydration and Overhydration
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Dehydration: Significant decrease in body water content.
- Causes: Excessive water loss (vomiting, diarrhea, sweating), insufficient intake, use of diuretics, etc.
- Symptoms: Dry mouth, thirst, decreased urine output, severe cases leading to organ damage.
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Overhydration: Excessive body water content.
- Causes: Ingesting more fluid than can be excreted, conditions like heart failure.
- Symptoms: Behavioural changes, nausea, vomiting, muscular weakness, coma.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of general physiology, including the definitions and functions of cells, tissues, organs, and systems. Additionally, it explores the principles of homeostasis and the structure of cells. Test your understanding of these key biological concepts.
