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Questions and Answers
What are the causes of cancer according to the text?
What are the causes of cancer according to the text?
- Aflatoxins, benzene, low fiber diet (correct)
- High fat diet, ionizing radiation, HPV
- EBV, inherited mutations, alkylating agents
- Tobacco smoke, asbestos, anabolic steroids
What are the types of neoplastic cells mentioned in the text?
What are the types of neoplastic cells mentioned in the text?
- Lymphomas and sarcomas
- Carcinomas and sarcomas (correct)
- Melanomas and leukemias
- Adenomas and gliomas
Which genetic factors may underlie carcinogenesis according to the text?
Which genetic factors may underlie carcinogenesis according to the text?
- Inherited mutations and increased activity of oncogenes (correct)
- Increased activity of tumor suppressor genes
- Loss of tumor suppressor genes and mutation of proto-oncogenes
- Mutation or loss of proto-oncogenes
What are examples of environmental initiators of cancer mentioned in the text?
What are examples of environmental initiators of cancer mentioned in the text?
Which type of tumor is associated with epithelial cells according to the text?
Which type of tumor is associated with epithelial cells according to the text?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a type of environmental initiator of cancer in the text?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a type of environmental initiator of cancer in the text?
What are the two types of neoplastic cells based on location mentioned in the text?
What are the two types of neoplastic cells based on location mentioned in the text?
Which genetic factor is specifically mentioned as a cause of cancer in the text?
Which genetic factor is specifically mentioned as a cause of cancer in the text?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a biological initiator of cancer in the text?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a biological initiator of cancer in the text?
Which type of tumor is associated with neoplastic cells derived from connective tissue?
Which type of tumor is associated with neoplastic cells derived from connective tissue?
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Study Notes
Cell Cycle and Regulation
- Cell cycle consists of four major phases: G1, S, G2, and M
- G1-Phase: preparatory phase for DNA synthesis, where Histone is synthesized
- S-Phase: DNA synthesis phase, where base synthesis and base-pairing occur
- G2-Phase: preparatory phase for mitosis, where Mitotic spindles and other proteins are formed
- M-Phase: Mitotic phase, where division of DNA and cytoplasm takes place
- G0-Phase: dormant phase
Regulation of Cell Cycle
- Proto-oncogenes stimulate proliferation of cells, e.g. MYC gene
- Tumor suppressor genes inhibit proliferation and promote apoptosis of cells, e.g. TP53 gene
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