General Knowledge Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What characterizes a senescent cell?

  • Cells that can divide temporarily
  • Cells that only divide in response to signals
  • Cells that can no longer divide permanently (correct)
  • Cells that divide actively
  • Which phase of the cell cycle involves DNA synthesis?

  • G1 phase
  • S phase (correct)
  • M phase
  • G2 phase
  • What role do cyclins play in the cell cycle?

  • They are responsible for cell apoptosis
  • They enhance the rate of DNA replication
  • They inhibit the cell cycle progression
  • They activate checkpoints (correct)
  • In which phase do cells prepare for division?

    <p>G2 phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of checkpoints in the cell cycle?

    <p>To ensure accurate DNA duplication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to cancer formation regarding regulatory signals?

    <p>Both stimulators and inhibitors can contribute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which checkpoint is the cell often most disrupted in cancer?

    <p>G1/S checkpoint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens at the restriction point in the cell cycle?

    <p>Cells commit to the cell cycle and division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of UV rays is primarily responsible for inducing cutaneous cancers?

    <p>UV-B (280-320 nm)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of radiation includes alpha, beta, protons, and neutrons?

    <p>Ionizing radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mutagenic effect of UV-C radiation?

    <p>Formation of pyrimidine dimers in DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of damage can occur with extensive exposure to UV radiation?

    <p>Overwhelmed DNA repair systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which population is especially susceptible to radiation-induced neoplasia?

    <p>Individuals with defects in DNA excision repair enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common effect of lun exposure to UV rays?

    <p>Killing of cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what organ is acute leukemia most commonly observed following radiation exposure?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the latency period for radiation-induced neoplasia in atomic bomb survivors?

    <p>7 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary role does glucagon play in the body?

    <p>Raises blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is NOT promoted by insulin?

    <p>Glycogenolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does glucagon affect the liver during fasting?

    <p>Stimulates gluconeogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the release of insulin after a meal?

    <p>Absorption of carbohydrates from the digestive tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes does insulin NOT facilitate?

    <p>Release of free fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological state occurs immediately after consuming a meal?

    <p>Postprandial state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism describes glucagon's action on glycogen?

    <p>Promotes glycogen breakdown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct incubation temperature for the glucose test that can be used for 10 minutes?

    <p>15-25°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During fasting, blood glucose levels gradually decrease due to:

    <p>Utilization of available glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances may interfere with the glucose test?

    <p>Urea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used to set the spectrophotometer to 'zero' before measuring absorbance?

    <p>Blank test tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which measuring device is used to determine the absorbance at 505 nm?

    <p>Spectrophotometer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What formula is used to calculate glucose concentration in the sample?

    <p>Glucose (mg/dL) = (A) Sample / (A) Standard × Standard Concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appropriate control sample for this glucose testing method?

    <p>Glucose standard solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of stabilizers and activators in the glucose test?

    <p>To maintain the pH of the reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of elevated blood glucose levels in the body?

    <p>Potential development of diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of phosphorylation on the RB1 protein during the cell cycle?

    <p>It releases inhibition of E2F transcription factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding mutations in the RB1 gene?

    <p>They result in the formation of defective pRB.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do viral oncoproteins such as HPV E7 affect RB1 function?

    <p>They bind, sequester, and degrade pRB.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the RB1 gene product, pRB, in normal cell proliferation?

    <p>To bind and inactivate E2F transcription factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cancer, how is RB1 generally inactivated?

    <p>Through mutations or hyperphosphorylation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does p53 play in relation to RB1 loss in tumorigenesis?

    <p>It protects against RB1-loss induced apoptosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does hyperphosphorylation of RB1 have on gene expression?

    <p>It primarily de-represses only cell cycle genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tissues express the RB1 gene product, pRB?

    <p>In various tissues including osteoblast, fibroblast, and skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for insulin deficiency in individuals with type 1 diabetes?

    <p>Destruction of insulin-producing beta cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the blood glucose level management for individuals with type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Often managed with lifestyle changes and oral medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the target postprandial blood glucose levels for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Less than 180 mg/dL (10.0 mmol/L)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complication is most directly associated with poorly controlled blood glucose levels in diabetes?

    <p>Stroke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant consequence of elevated blood glucose levels over time?

    <p>Potential damage to blood vessels and nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general approach to managing blood glucose levels in type 1 diabetes?

    <p>Regular monitoring and insulin administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor distinguishes type 2 diabetes from type 1 diabetes regarding insulin production?

    <p>Type 2 diabetes involves insulin resistance rather than complete deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about fasting blood glucose levels is accurate for both types of diabetes?

    <p>Normal fasting levels are between 80-130 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

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    Test your knowledge with this engaging general knowledge quiz. It covers a broad range of topics, perfect for anyone looking to challenge themselves and learn new facts. Ideal for trivia enthusiasts and learners alike.

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