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What is the study of the development of an individual before birth?
What is the study of the development of an individual before birth?
Embryology
What is the term for the developing individual during the first two months of development?
What is the term for the developing individual during the first two months of development?
What are the male sex organs called?
What are the male sex organs called?
What is the name for the female gametes produced by the ovaries?
What is the name for the female gametes produced by the ovaries?
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What is the process of male gamete production called?
What is the process of male gamete production called?
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What is the term for the process that involves both spermatogenesis and oogenesis?
What is the term for the process that involves both spermatogenesis and oogenesis?
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What is the name for the fused ovum and sperm?
What is the name for the fused ovum and sperm?
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What carries the genetic information from parents to offspring?
What carries the genetic information from parents to offspring?
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A typical cell contains 23 chromosomes.
A typical cell contains 23 chromosomes.
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The diploid number of chromosomes is restored as a result of mitosis.
The diploid number of chromosomes is restored as a result of mitosis.
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Mitosis results in daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell.
Mitosis results in daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell.
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Meiosis is a special kind of cell division that takes place in the testes and ovaries.
Meiosis is a special kind of cell division that takes place in the testes and ovaries.
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Gametes have the diploid number of chromosomes.
Gametes have the diploid number of chromosomes.
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What is the name for the process by which the notochordal process undergoes change from a rod-like structure to a canal, then to a plate, and finally back to a rod-like structure?
What is the name for the process by which the notochordal process undergoes change from a rod-like structure to a canal, then to a plate, and finally back to a rod-like structure?
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What is the name of the process by which the neural plate forms the neural tube and neural crest?
What is the name of the process by which the neural plate forms the neural tube and neural crest?
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What are the cells forming the neural plate called?
What are the cells forming the neural plate called?
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Where do neural folds begin to move closer and fuse, converting the neural groove into a neural tube?
Where do neural folds begin to move closer and fuse, converting the neural groove into a neural tube?
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What is the name for the open ends of the neural tube at the cranial and caudal regions?
What is the name for the open ends of the neural tube at the cranial and caudal regions?
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What is the name for a strip of mesoderm between the lateral plate mesoderm and the paraxial mesoderm?
What is the name for a strip of mesoderm between the lateral plate mesoderm and the paraxial mesoderm?
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Study Notes
General Embryology
- Embryology is the study of development before birth.
- The developing individual is called an embryo for the first two months, and a fetus afterward.
- The male sex organ is the testis, and the female sex organ is the ovary.
- Gametes are produced by the gonads (testis/ovary).
- Spermatozoa are male gametes produced by spermatogenesis in the testis.
- Ova are female gametes produced by oogenesis in the ovary.
- Gametogenesis encompasses both spermatogenesis and oogenesis.
- Fertilization occurs when a sperm enters an ovum, creating a zygote.
- Hereditary traits are transmitted through DNA, located on chromosomes.
- A typical human body cell has 46 chromosomes (diploid).
- Gametes have 23 chromosomes (haploid).
- Fertilization restores the diploid chromosome number.
- Mitosis is the usual cell division for growth and repair, resulting in identical daughter cells.
- Meiosis produces haploid gametes.
Spermatogenesis
- Spermatogenesis is the formation of sperm.
- The process involves multiple divisions.
- Spermatogonium (type A and B) are diploid cells.
- Through mitosis, cells develop into primary spermatocytes.
- Primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis I, producing secondary spermatocytes.
- Secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis II to form spermatids.
- Spermatids mature into spermatozoa.
Oogenesis
- Oogenesis is the production of ova.
- Oogonia are the diploid cells that start the process and enlarge into primary oocytes.
- Primary oocytes undergo meiosis.
- Meiosis I produces a secondary oocyte and a polar body (which disintegrates).
- During the second meiotic division (meiosis II), a second polar body is produced.
- Lastly, the secondary oocyte matures into an ovum.
Fertilization and Cleavage
- Fertilization occurs in the ampulla of the uterine tube.
- The fertilized ovum is called a zygote.
- Cleavage consists of rapid division cycles of the fertilized ovum forming smaller cells.
- After 16 cells, the ovum is called a morula.
- A blastocyst forms from the morula.
- The inner cell mass eventually forms the embryo.
- The trophoblast becomes part of the placenta.
Germ Layers
- The inner cell mass differentiates into three germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
- The bilaminar disc gives rise to the three germ layers.
Gastrulation
- Gastrulation is the formation of the three germ layers.
- Bilaminar disc forms two layers: ectoderm and endoderm
- The mesoderm develops between these two layers.
- A cavity (amniotic cavity) forms on the ectoderm side.
- A cavity (yolk sac) forms on the endoderm side.
Neurulation
- Neural plate forms into the neural groove and then the neural tube.
- Cells of the primitive knot move cranially to form the notochord.
- The notochord guides the development of the neural tube.
- Notochord eventually disappears, except in the nucleus pulposus.
Somites and Mesoderm
- Mesoderm develops into somites (blocks of tissue)
- Lateral mesoderm forms the somatopleural and splanchnopleural layers.
- The intraembryonic coelom develops between them.
Derivatives of Germ Layers
- Different structures & tissues develop from each germ layer (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm).
- This diagram provides a clear illustration of the various structures that emerge from each germ layer.
Pharyngeal Arches
- Pharyngeal arches are structures that develop early in the embryo.
- Each arch contains skeletal elements, muscles, nerves, and blood vessels.
- These arches give rise to various structures of the head and neck.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the fundamentals of embryology, including the processes of gametogenesis, fertilization, and the characteristics of chromosomes. This quiz covers essential concepts like spermatogenesis and oogenesis, vital for understanding developmental biology. Assess your understanding of the early stages of human development and related terminology.
