General Ecology - Final Test

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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of ecology?

The relationship between living organisms, including humans, and their environments.

What is the definition of an ecosystem?

An ecosystem is made up of biotope (non-living elements, such as soils) and biocenosis (living elements, such as plants, animals, insects, etc.).

What is the definition of biodiversity?

Biodiversity refers to the variety of plant and animal life in the world or in a particular habitat.

What is the definition of a species?

<p>A group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a population?

<p>A group of organisms of one species that interbreed and live in the same place at the same time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a habitat?

<p>An array of resources, physical and biotic factors that are present in an area, such as to support the survival and reproduction of a particular species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of ecosystems?

<p>Natural and anthropogenic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are examples of natural ecosystems?

<p>Grasses (meadows, pastures) (A), Forests (D), Natural surface waters (with vegetation) (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are examples of anthropogenic ecosystems?

<p>Fields with synanthropical vegetation (near human settlements) (A), Urban (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some benefits of forest ecosystems?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some characteristics of tundra ecosystems?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some benefits of freshwater ecosystems?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some characteristics of ocean ecosystems?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some benefits of grassland ecosystems?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of biodiversity indicators?

<p>All of the above (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is species richness?

<p>The number of different species within an ecosystem (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are diversity indices?

<p>A numerical value for biodiversity assessment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are indicator species?

<p>A specific species that is sensitive to environmental changes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key roles that biodiversity plays in agricultural landscapes?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key roles that biodiversity plays in urban landscapes?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the main problems that threaten ecosystems?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the key principles that govern ecosystem function?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of legal instruments used to protect biodiversity?

<p>All of the above (H)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some key features of national parks?

<p>Both A and B (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some key features of nature reserves?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some key features of landscape parks?

<p>Both A and B (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Natura 2000?

<p>Both A and B (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of sites of ecological use?

<p>Both A and B (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of species protection?

<p>Both A and B (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the different levels of organization of nature?

<p>All of the above (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a landscape?

<p>A spatial unit with interconnected natural and anthropogenic ecosystems, shaped by physical, biological, and cultural factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are examples of natural landscape elements?

<p>All of the above (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are examples of anthropogenic landscape elements?

<p>Both A and B (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the key roles that landscapes play in ecology?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the biosphere?

<p>Both A and B (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are biomes?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the main biomes of the Earth?

<p>All of the above (I)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The functioning of Earth's ecosystem is related to which two key processes?

<p>Both A and B (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main streams or pathways for the circulation of matter?

<p>All of the above (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of energy for ecosystems?

<p>Both A and B (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the different trophic levels in a food chain?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Lindeman's law?

<p>Both A and B (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of climate factors that affect ecosystems?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of feedback loops in ecosystems?

<p>Both A and B (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a mid-field tree stand?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the roles that mid-field tree stands play in ecosystems?

<p>All of the above (H)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an alien species?

<p>All of the above (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an invasive species?

<p>All of the above (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of invasive species?

<p>All of the above (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some key features of urban ecosystems?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the key functions of urban ecosystems?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is synanthropization?

<p>Adaptation of wildlife to human-altered environments, leading to increased presence of species like pigeons and weeds in urban or agricultural areas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the potential impacts of synanthropization?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Ecology Levels

Ecology studies organisms at different levels, from individuals to populations, communities, ecosystems, and the biosphere.

Ecosystem Components

An ecosystem consists of both living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) elements interacting.

Types of Ecosystems

Ecosystems are categorized as natural (forests, lakes) or seminatural (managed grasslands).

Forest Ecosystem

Forest ecosystems are characterized by trees as the dominant plant life, providing habitat and resources.

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Tundra Ecosystem

Tundra ecosystems are cold, windy areas with little rain, characterized by short summers and long winters.

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Desert Ecosystem

Desert ecosystems are very dry and hot, where plants and animals have adapted to survive with little water.

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Freshwater Ecosystem

Freshwater ecosystems have water that is not salty, supporting drinking water and agriculture.

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Biodiversity

Biodiversity measures the variety and abundance of species within an ecosystem.

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Species Richness

Species richness is the number of different species in an ecosystem.

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Species Evenness

Species evenness measures how evenly distributed species are.

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Diversity Indices

Combined measurements of richness and evenness to assess biodiversity.

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Indicator Species

Sensitive species whose presence or absence signifies ecosystem health or degradation.

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Ecosystem Function

The roles played by different species and processes in maintaining an ecosystem.

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Agricultural Ecosystems

Pollination, pest control, and soil health are crucial ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes supported by biodiversity.

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Urban Ecosystems

Green spaces in cities mitigate urban heat, improve air quality, and support biodiversity.

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Pollution Effects

Soil, air, and water pollution negatively impact living organisms and ecosystem health.

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Climate Change Impacts

Climate change alters species distributions, increases extreme weather, and threatens species adaptation.

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Species Protection

Protecting endangered or rare species protects ecosystem balance.

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Levels of Organization

Nature's hierarchical structure, from individual organisms to landscapes, emphasizing interconnectedness.

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Landscape Elements

Landscapes have natural and anthropogenic (human-made) elements that interact.

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Landscape Ecology

The study of interactions between ecosystems within a larger landscape.

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Biomes

Large-scale ecosystems characterized by similar climatic conditions.

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Biosphere

All life on Earth and the environments that support it.

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Matter Circulation

The continuous movement and recycling of matter through ecosystems.

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Energy Flow

The transfer of energy through food chains and trophic levels, starting from the sun.

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Alien Species

Species introduced to a new area outside their natural range.

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Invasive Species

Alien species that outcompete native species and disrupt ecosystem functions.

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Study Notes

General Ecology - Final Test

  • Main Issues: Ecology, ecosystems, biodiversity, species, habitat, types of ecosystems, characteristics of ecosystems, biodiversity indicators, role of biodiversity in agricultural and urban landscapes, problems and principles of ecosystems, legal protection instruments, forms of nature protection, levels of organization of nature, landscape elements, biomes, biosphere, matter circulation, energy flow, types of mid-field trees, alien invasive species, urban ecosystems, role of green areas in ecological structure of city, and synanthropization processes.

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