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Questions and Answers
Pathogens are organisms that cause ______.
Pathogens are organisms that cause ______.
disease
The first parts of the general defence system are ______ that stop pathogens from entering.
The first parts of the general defence system are ______ that stop pathogens from entering.
barriers
The skin acts as a physical barrier to stop ______.
The skin acts as a physical barrier to stop ______.
pathogens
Phagocytes are a type of white blood ______ that can surround and kill microorganisms.
Phagocytes are a type of white blood ______ that can surround and kill microorganisms.
Macrophages act as ______ while others remain in a fixed place.
Macrophages act as ______ while others remain in a fixed place.
Interferons are defence proteins produced by ______ cells infected by a virus.
Interferons are defence proteins produced by ______ cells infected by a virus.
The vagina contains bacteria that produce ______ acid that helps prevent the growth of pathogens.
The vagina contains bacteria that produce ______ acid that helps prevent the growth of pathogens.
Hydrochloric acid in the stomach ______ micro-organisms.
Hydrochloric acid in the stomach ______ micro-organisms.
Cells that have been infected produce a chemical called ______.
Cells that have been infected produce a chemical called ______.
The area swells, gets red, becomes warm, and is ______.
The area swells, gets red, becomes warm, and is ______.
If the inflammation happens over the whole body, a ______ develops.
If the inflammation happens over the whole body, a ______ develops.
Monocytes become ______ which engulf invaders.
Monocytes become ______ which engulf invaders.
Part of the invader that remains on the surface of the macrophage is called an ______.
Part of the invader that remains on the surface of the macrophage is called an ______.
Lymphocytes produce antibodies because of ______.
Lymphocytes produce antibodies because of ______.
Antibodies are proteins in the group called ______.
Antibodies are proteins in the group called ______.
Autoimmune diseases occur when the defence system produces antibodies against ______.
Autoimmune diseases occur when the defence system produces antibodies against ______.
Vaccination is an example of ______ immunity.
Vaccination is an example of ______ immunity.
The first vaccine was produced by ______ in 1796.
The first vaccine was produced by ______ in 1796.
Natural Passive Immunity occurs when a child gets antibodies from the ______.
Natural Passive Immunity occurs when a child gets antibodies from the ______.
B-cells and T-cells are types of ______.
B-cells and T-cells are types of ______.
Helper T-cells produce chemicals including ______.
Helper T-cells produce chemicals including ______.
Killer T-cells destroy abnormal body cells such as virus-infected cells and ______ cells.
Killer T-cells destroy abnormal body cells such as virus-infected cells and ______ cells.
Artificial Passive Immunity occurs when a person is injected with ______ made by another organism.
Artificial Passive Immunity occurs when a person is injected with ______ made by another organism.
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Study Notes
General Defence System
- The general defence system acts as a first line of defence against pathogens
- It is non-specific, meaning it targets all pathogens
- Physical barriers include:
- Skin
- Blood clotting
- Sebaceous and sweat glands
- Lysozyme in saliva and tears
- Mucous membranes
- Nasal hairs
- Cilia
- Hydrochloric acid in the stomach
- The vagina
- Other defence mechanisms include:
- Phagocytes: Cells that engulf and destroy pathogens
- Macrophages: Large, long-living phagocytes that act as scavengers
- Complement Defence Proteins: Trigger a series of reactions resulting in the destruction or engulfment of pathogens
- Interferons: Proteins produced by infected cells to prevent the spread of viruses
- Inflammation: A response to infection caused by histamine release, leading to increased blood flow and white blood cell activity
- Fever: A systemic inflammatory response that inhibits pathogen reproduction
Specific Defence System
- Recognizes and targets specific pathogens
- Key components:
- White blood cells:
- Lymphocytes: These are responsible for antibody production and attacking cells with antigens
- Monocytes: become macrophages, engulfing invaders and presenting antigens
- Lymphocytes: Some attack cells with antigens, while others produce antibodies
- Lymphocytes: These are responsible for antibody production and attacking cells with antigens
- Antibodies: Proteins produced by lymphocytes in response to specific antigens, that neutralize and eliminate pathogens
- Mechanisms:
- Bind to antigens on pathogens to prevent entry into cells
- Cause pathogens to clump together for easy phagocytosis
- Activate the complement system
- Mechanisms:
- Natural active induced immunity: Protection against specific pathogens gained by the body's production of antibodies
- Autoimmune diseases: The immune system attacks the body's own tissues
- Allergies: The immune system reacts to harmless substances as threats
- Artificial active immunity: Vaccines trigger antibody production without causing disease
- Natural passive immunity: Antibodies are transferred from mother to child before or after birth, providing temporary protection
- Artificial passive immunity: Antibodies from another organism are injected into the body, providing temporary protection
- White blood cells:
Types of Lymphocytes
- B-cells:
- Mature in the bone marrow
- Target specific antigens and produce antibodies
- Plasma cells: Rapidly produced B-cells that are extremely effective
- Memory B-cells: Survive after the initial infection and provide a rapid response to subsequent exposure
- T-cells:
- Mature in the thymus gland
- Do not produce antibodies but play a role in cellular immunity
- Helper T-cells: Activate B-cells and Killer T-cells
- Killer T-cells: Destroy infected or abnormal cells
- Suppressor T-cells: Suppress the immune response after infection is contained
- Memory T-cells: Provide long-term immunity
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