Podcast
Questions and Answers
Pathogens are organisms that cause ______.
Pathogens are organisms that cause ______.
disease
The first parts of the general defence system are ______ that stop pathogens from entering.
The first parts of the general defence system are ______ that stop pathogens from entering.
barriers
The skin acts as a physical barrier to stop ______.
The skin acts as a physical barrier to stop ______.
pathogens
Phagocytes are a type of white blood ______ that can surround and kill microorganisms.
Phagocytes are a type of white blood ______ that can surround and kill microorganisms.
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Macrophages act as ______ while others remain in a fixed place.
Macrophages act as ______ while others remain in a fixed place.
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Interferons are defence proteins produced by ______ cells infected by a virus.
Interferons are defence proteins produced by ______ cells infected by a virus.
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The vagina contains bacteria that produce ______ acid that helps prevent the growth of pathogens.
The vagina contains bacteria that produce ______ acid that helps prevent the growth of pathogens.
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Hydrochloric acid in the stomach ______ micro-organisms.
Hydrochloric acid in the stomach ______ micro-organisms.
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Cells that have been infected produce a chemical called ______.
Cells that have been infected produce a chemical called ______.
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The area swells, gets red, becomes warm, and is ______.
The area swells, gets red, becomes warm, and is ______.
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If the inflammation happens over the whole body, a ______ develops.
If the inflammation happens over the whole body, a ______ develops.
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Monocytes become ______ which engulf invaders.
Monocytes become ______ which engulf invaders.
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Part of the invader that remains on the surface of the macrophage is called an ______.
Part of the invader that remains on the surface of the macrophage is called an ______.
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Lymphocytes produce antibodies because of ______.
Lymphocytes produce antibodies because of ______.
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Antibodies are proteins in the group called ______.
Antibodies are proteins in the group called ______.
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Autoimmune diseases occur when the defence system produces antibodies against ______.
Autoimmune diseases occur when the defence system produces antibodies against ______.
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Vaccination is an example of ______ immunity.
Vaccination is an example of ______ immunity.
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The first vaccine was produced by ______ in 1796.
The first vaccine was produced by ______ in 1796.
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Natural Passive Immunity occurs when a child gets antibodies from the ______.
Natural Passive Immunity occurs when a child gets antibodies from the ______.
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B-cells and T-cells are types of ______.
B-cells and T-cells are types of ______.
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Helper T-cells produce chemicals including ______.
Helper T-cells produce chemicals including ______.
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Killer T-cells destroy abnormal body cells such as virus-infected cells and ______ cells.
Killer T-cells destroy abnormal body cells such as virus-infected cells and ______ cells.
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Artificial Passive Immunity occurs when a person is injected with ______ made by another organism.
Artificial Passive Immunity occurs when a person is injected with ______ made by another organism.
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Study Notes
General Defence System
- The general defence system acts as a first line of defence against pathogens
- It is non-specific, meaning it targets all pathogens
- Physical barriers include:
- Skin
- Blood clotting
- Sebaceous and sweat glands
- Lysozyme in saliva and tears
- Mucous membranes
- Nasal hairs
- Cilia
- Hydrochloric acid in the stomach
- The vagina
- Other defence mechanisms include:
- Phagocytes: Cells that engulf and destroy pathogens
- Macrophages: Large, long-living phagocytes that act as scavengers
- Complement Defence Proteins: Trigger a series of reactions resulting in the destruction or engulfment of pathogens
- Interferons: Proteins produced by infected cells to prevent the spread of viruses
- Inflammation: A response to infection caused by histamine release, leading to increased blood flow and white blood cell activity
- Fever: A systemic inflammatory response that inhibits pathogen reproduction
Specific Defence System
- Recognizes and targets specific pathogens
- Key components:
- White blood cells:
- Lymphocytes: These are responsible for antibody production and attacking cells with antigens
- Monocytes: become macrophages, engulfing invaders and presenting antigens
- Lymphocytes: Some attack cells with antigens, while others produce antibodies
- Lymphocytes: These are responsible for antibody production and attacking cells with antigens
- Antibodies: Proteins produced by lymphocytes in response to specific antigens, that neutralize and eliminate pathogens
- Mechanisms:
- Bind to antigens on pathogens to prevent entry into cells
- Cause pathogens to clump together for easy phagocytosis
- Activate the complement system
- Mechanisms:
- Natural active induced immunity: Protection against specific pathogens gained by the body's production of antibodies
- Autoimmune diseases: The immune system attacks the body's own tissues
- Allergies: The immune system reacts to harmless substances as threats
- Artificial active immunity: Vaccines trigger antibody production without causing disease
- Natural passive immunity: Antibodies are transferred from mother to child before or after birth, providing temporary protection
- Artificial passive immunity: Antibodies from another organism are injected into the body, providing temporary protection
- White blood cells:
Types of Lymphocytes
- B-cells:
- Mature in the bone marrow
- Target specific antigens and produce antibodies
- Plasma cells: Rapidly produced B-cells that are extremely effective
- Memory B-cells: Survive after the initial infection and provide a rapid response to subsequent exposure
- T-cells:
- Mature in the thymus gland
- Do not produce antibodies but play a role in cellular immunity
- Helper T-cells: Activate B-cells and Killer T-cells
- Killer T-cells: Destroy infected or abnormal cells
- Suppressor T-cells: Suppress the immune response after infection is contained
- Memory T-cells: Provide long-term immunity
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Description
This quiz covers the general defence system of the body, highlighting its role as the first line of defence against various pathogens. It includes details on physical barriers, cells involved in immune response, and other defence mechanisms like inflammation and fever. Test your knowledge on how the body protects itself from infections!
