General Chemistry Concepts Quiz

Atomic Structure
- Atoms: Basic unit of matter.
- Subatomic particles: Protons (+), neutrons (neutral), electrons (-).
- Atomic number = number of protons.
- Mass number = protons + neutrons.
Periodic Table
- Organized by increasing atomic number.
- Groups (columns) indicate similar chemical properties.
- Periods (rows) indicate energy levels of electrons.
Chemical Bonds
- Ionic bonds: Transfer of electrons between metals and nonmetals.
- Covalent bonds: Sharing of electrons between nonmetals.
- Metallic bonds: Delocalized electrons in metals.

Thermodynamics
- Laws of thermodynamics: Energy cannot be created/destroyed; entropy increases in isolated systems.
- Enthalpy (H): Heat content of a system.
- Gibbs free energy (G): Determines spontaneity of reactions (G < 0 = spontaneous).
Kinetics
- Rate of reaction: Change in concentration of reactants/products over time.
- Factors affecting reaction rates: Temperature, concentration, surface area, catalysts.
Equilibrium
- Dynamic state where forward and reverse reactions occur at same rate.
- Le Chatelier's principle: System shifts to counteract changes in concentration, pressure, or temperature.

Hydrocarbons
- Alkanes (single bonds), alkenes (double bonds), alkynes (triple bonds).
- Functional groups (e.g., -OH for alcohols, -COOH for carboxylic acids) influence reactivity.
Nomenclature
- IUPAC naming for organic compounds based on longest carbon chain and functional groups.

Coordination Chemistry
- Complex ions: Metal ions bonded to ligands (molecules or ions).
- Coordination number: Number of ligand attachments to a central metal atom.
Acids and Bases
- Arrhenius definition: Acids produce H+ in water; bases produce OH-.
- Brønsted-Lowry definition: Acids donate protons; bases accept protons.

Qualitative Analysis
- Identification of substances in a sample using methods like precipitation and color change.
Quantitative Analysis
- Determining the quantity of a substance in a sample using techniques such as titration and gravimetry.

Macromolecules
- Proteins: Amino acids, peptide bonds; vital for structure and function.
- Nucleic acids: DNA/RNA, involved in genetic information storage and transfer.
- Carbohydrates: Sugars and starches, energy sources.
- Lipids: Fats and oils, important for membrane structure and energy storage.

Atoms are the fundamental building blocks of matter.
Atoms consist of three subatomic particles: protons (positively charged), neutrons (no charge), and electrons (negatively charged).
The number of protons in an atom defines its atomic number, which determines its element.
The mass number of an atom is the sum of its protons and neutrons.

The periodic table organizes elements by increasing atomic number.
Elements in the same group (column) have similar chemical properties due to having the same number of valence electrons.
Elements in the same period (row) have electrons in the same energy level.

Ionic bonds form between metals and nonmetals, where electrons are transferred from the metal to the nonmetal.
Covalent bonds form between nonmetals, where electrons are shared between atoms.
Metallic bonds involve delocalized electrons in metals, leading to good electrical conductivity.

The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.
The second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy (disorder) of an isolated system always increases over time.
Enthalpy (H) represents the heat content of a system.
Gibbs free energy (G) predicts the spontaneity of a reaction. Reactions with a negative Gibbs free energy change (ΔG<0) are spontaneous.

The rate of a reaction describes how quickly reactants are converted into products.
Factors influencing reaction rates include:
- Temperature: higher temperatures increase reaction rates.
- Concentration: higher concentrations of reactants increase reaction rates.
- Surface area: greater surface area of a solid reactant increases the rate of reaction.
- Catalysts lower the activation energy of a reaction, thereby increasing its rate.

Chemical equilibrium is a dynamic state where forward and reverse reaction rates are equal, resulting in no net change in the concentrations of reactants and products.
Le Chatelier's Principle states that a system at equilibrium will shift in a direction that relieves stress (e.g., changes in concentration, temperature, or pressure).

Hydrocarbons are organic compounds composed solely of hydrogen and carbon atoms.
They are classified based on the types of bonds between carbon atoms:
- Alkanes: contain only single bonds
- Alkenes: contain at least one double bond
- Alkynes: contain at least one triple bond
Functional groups are specific groups of atoms within a molecule that determine its chemical properties. Examples include:
- -OH: hydroxyl group, found in alcohols
- -COOH: carboxyl group, found in carboxylic acids

IUPAC nomenclature provides a standardized system for naming organic compounds based on the length of the longest carbon chain and the presence of functional groups.

Coordination complexes consist of a central metal ion bonded to ligands, which can be neutral molecules or ions.
The coordination number of a central metal ion indicates the number of ligands attached to it.

Arrhenius definition identifies acids as substances that produce hydronium ions (H+) in water and bases as substances that produce hydroxide ions (OH-) in water.
Brønsted-Lowry definition defines acids as proton donors and bases as proton acceptors.

Qualitative analysis focuses on identifying the components of a sample.
Techniques employed in qualitative analysis include:
- Precipitation reactions
- Colour changes

Quantitative analysis is concerned with determining the amounts of specific substances in a sample.
Common quantitative techniques include:
- Titration: a solution of known concentration is used to react with a solution of unknown concentration.
- Gravimetry: the mass of a substance is determined through precipitation and filtration.

Macromolecules are large, complex molecules essential for life.
Proteins are polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. They are vital for structural support, enzymatic catalysis, and other functions.
Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information.
Carbohydrates serve as energy sources and structural components. They include sugars (monosaccharides, disaccharides), and starches (polysaccharides).
Lipids, including fats and oils, form cell membranes and serve as energy reserves.

Examine past entrance exam papers to understand the structure and content of the test.
Practice solving chemistry problems to develop strong problem-solving skills and solidify your theoretical understanding.
Focus on comprehending the core principles rather than memorizing isolated facts.
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