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Questions and Answers
Please identify each of the following as an atom, an element, an ion, a molecule, or a compound:
Please identify each of the following as an atom, an element, an ion, a molecule, or a compound:
H2O = Molecule, Compound NH4+ = Ion NH3 = Molecule, Compound H2 = Molecule C6H12O6 = Molecule, Compound H3O+ = Ion F– = Ion Na = Element Ar = Element O22– = Ion
What is an atom?
What is an atom?
The smallest particle or unit of an element.
What is a molecule?
What is a molecule?
A single structure made of two or more atoms.
What is a compound?
What is a compound?
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What are diatomic elements?
What are diatomic elements?
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What type of compounds are made of a metal and a nonmetal?
What type of compounds are made of a metal and a nonmetal?
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What is the name of the acid for HCl?
What is the name of the acid for HCl?
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What are polyatomic ions?
What are polyatomic ions?
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The SI unit for length is the ______.
The SI unit for length is the ______.
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The prefix 'Kilo-' represents ______.
The prefix 'Kilo-' represents ______.
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List one example of a strong acid.
List one example of a strong acid.
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What is an allotrope?
What is an allotrope?
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How many seconds are in a day?
How many seconds are in a day?
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How many hours are in a year?
How many hours are in a year?
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How many kg are there in 7×10^25 μg?
How many kg are there in 7×10^25 μg?
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How many seconds are there in 5.2 × 10^18 ns?
How many seconds are there in 5.2 × 10^18 ns?
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Please convert 20 km to cm.
Please convert 20 km to cm.
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If you’re going 50 miles/hour, how many feet/second are you traveling?
If you’re going 50 miles/hour, how many feet/second are you traveling?
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On average, hummingbirds fly at 30 miles/hour. Convert this speed to m/s.
On average, hummingbirds fly at 30 miles/hour. Convert this speed to m/s.
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The Brooklyn Bridge is 277 feet tall. Convert this to meters.
The Brooklyn Bridge is 277 feet tall. Convert this to meters.
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In a vacuum, light travels at a speed of 2.998 x 10^8 m/s. Convert this to miles per hour.
In a vacuum, light travels at a speed of 2.998 x 10^8 m/s. Convert this to miles per hour.
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What is the mass in kilograms of 18.5 gallons of gasoline, given that the density of gasoline is 0.70 g/mL?
What is the mass in kilograms of 18.5 gallons of gasoline, given that the density of gasoline is 0.70 g/mL?
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What is the density, in g/cm³, of a 1.5 kg cube whose edges are each 5 cm?
What is the density, in g/cm³, of a 1.5 kg cube whose edges are each 5 cm?
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After carrying out the following operation, the reported value should have how many significant figures? (6.943 cm – 5.81 cm) × 3.23 cm
After carrying out the following operation, the reported value should have how many significant figures? (6.943 cm – 5.81 cm) × 3.23 cm
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Which measurement below contains 3 significant figures?
Which measurement below contains 3 significant figures?
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Which of the following has the same number of significant figures as the number 1.00310?
Which of the following has the same number of significant figures as the number 1.00310?
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What is the main knowledge gap addressed in the scientific article?
What is the main knowledge gap addressed in the scientific article?
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What is the research question of the study?
What is the research question of the study?
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Which of the following increases levels of microbial contamination in makeup products? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following increases levels of microbial contamination in makeup products? (Select all that apply)
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What analyses were used to address the research question?
What analyses were used to address the research question?
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Beauty blenders were found to be the least contaminated makeup product.
Beauty blenders were found to be the least contaminated makeup product.
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How were the results of the study displayed?
How were the results of the study displayed?
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What methods did the researchers suggest to avoid significant levels of contamination?
What methods did the researchers suggest to avoid significant levels of contamination?
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The results of the study did not support the initial hypothesis.
The results of the study did not support the initial hypothesis.
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What did the authors cite to connect bacteria to makeup contamination?
What did the authors cite to connect bacteria to makeup contamination?
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What important feature helps in identifying bacterial species?
What important feature helps in identifying bacterial species?
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Which of the following is NOT a benefit of bacteria to humans?
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of bacteria to humans?
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Which arrangement describes the cells of Streptococcus pyogenes?
Which arrangement describes the cells of Streptococcus pyogenes?
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What is the primary reason for using a microscope in the study of microorganisms?
What is the primary reason for using a microscope in the study of microorganisms?
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Which of the following describes the nature of viruses in relation to the domains Eukarya and Bacteria?
Which of the following describes the nature of viruses in relation to the domains Eukarya and Bacteria?
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Which type of microscopy allows for the visualization of living specimens and intracellular structures without killing the organisms?
Which type of microscopy allows for the visualization of living specimens and intracellular structures without killing the organisms?
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What is the primary advantage of fluorescence microscopy in medical diagnostics?
What is the primary advantage of fluorescence microscopy in medical diagnostics?
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What distinguishes transmission electron microscopy (TEM) from scanning electron microscopy (SEM)?
What distinguishes transmission electron microscopy (TEM) from scanning electron microscopy (SEM)?
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What happens to living organisms when they are affixed to slides for microscopy?
What happens to living organisms when they are affixed to slides for microscopy?
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What is the role of fluorochrome dye in fluorescence microscopy?
What is the role of fluorochrome dye in fluorescence microscopy?
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What is the primary function of the iris diaphragm in a bright light microscope?
What is the primary function of the iris diaphragm in a bright light microscope?
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Which of the following describes a binocular light microscope?
Which of the following describes a binocular light microscope?
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What is the purpose of the objective lenses in a compound light microscope?
What is the purpose of the objective lenses in a compound light microscope?
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Which of the following objective lenses provides the highest magnification?
Which of the following objective lenses provides the highest magnification?
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Where is the light source located in a bright light microscope?
Where is the light source located in a bright light microscope?
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What function does the condenser serve in a bright light microscope?
What function does the condenser serve in a bright light microscope?
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In a monocular light microscope, what characteristic does it have?
In a monocular light microscope, what characteristic does it have?
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What is the function of placing oil on the slide before using the 100X objective?
What is the function of placing oil on the slide before using the 100X objective?
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What factor does NOT influence the resolution of a microscope?
What factor does NOT influence the resolution of a microscope?
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What is the highest resolution achievable with a bright light microscope?
What is the highest resolution achievable with a bright light microscope?
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Which type of microscope is particularly useful for studying unstained, living specimens?
Which type of microscope is particularly useful for studying unstained, living specimens?
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What is the approximate cost of microscopes used in introductory microbiology laboratories?
What is the approximate cost of microscopes used in introductory microbiology laboratories?
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How does the numerical aperture of a lens influence microscopy?
How does the numerical aperture of a lens influence microscopy?
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What happens to light as it passes from air into glass in microscopy?
What happens to light as it passes from air into glass in microscopy?
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Which microscope type would NOT be ideal for bright field microscopy?
Which microscope type would NOT be ideal for bright field microscopy?
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Which statement about the bright light microscope is true?
Which statement about the bright light microscope is true?
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What technique is employed in dark-field microscopy?
What technique is employed in dark-field microscopy?
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Study Notes
Atoms, Ions, and Molecules
- An atom is the smallest unit of an element.
- Ions are charged atoms formed by the addition or removal of electrons (e.g., H+ is a cation; H– is an anion).
- A molecule consists of two or more bonded atoms, which can be identical or different elements.
- A compound is a specific type of molecule that contains at least two different elements (e.g., H2O).
Classification of Chemical Species
- H2O: Both a molecule and a compound.
- NH4+: Ion (specifically a cation).
- NH3: Molecule (can also be categorized as a compound).
- H2: Molecule (specifically a diatomic molecule).
- C6H12O6: Molecule and compound.
- H3O+: Ion (specifically a cation).
- F–: Ion (specifically an anion).
- Na: Element (monatomic).
- Ar: Element (monatomic).
- O22–: Ion (specifically an anion).
Elements and Compounds
- Monatomic elements are single atoms of an element (e.g., Na, Cs).
- Diatomic elements exist as pairs of atoms (e.g., H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2).
- Allotropes are different structural forms of the same element (e.g., O2 and O3 for oxygen).
Types of Compounds
- Ionic compounds: Formed from metals and nonmetals (e.g., NaCl, CuCl2). NH4Cl is an exception that is ionic but lacks metals.
- Molecular compounds: Formed from two or more nonmetals (e.g., H2O, CO2).
Naming Ionic Compounds
- Name the metal followed by its oxidation state in Roman numerals.
- No Roman numerals for specific metals (e.g., Group I and II metals, Al, Zn, Cd, Ag).
- Nonmetals are named with an “ide” ending.
Polyatomic Ions
- Cations: NH4+
- Anions: Include acetate (CH3COO−), sulfate (SO42−), carbonate (CO32−), hydroxide (HO−), nitrate (NO3−), phosphate (PO43−), permanganate (MnO4−).
Naming Molecular Compounds
- Use numerical prefixes to denote the number of atoms (e.g., Mono, Di, Tri).
- Name the first element followed by the second with an “ide” ending.
Naming Acids
- Binary acids: Start with "hydro-" plus the second element's name ending in “ic acid” (e.g., HF - Hydrofluoric acid).
-
Oxyacids: Named based on the number of oxygen atoms present relative to a root element:
- Hypo-: Fewest oxygen atoms.
- -ous: One fewer than the most.
- -ic: Most oxygen atoms.
- Per-: One more than the most.
Strong Acids to Memorize
- Binary Acids: HCl, HBr, HI.
- Oxyacids: HClO3, HClO4, HNO3, H2SO4.
SI Units
- Common SI units include:
- Length: Meter (m)
- Time: Second (s)
- Temperature: Kelvin (K)
- Mass: Kilogram (kg)
- Mole: Amount of substance (mol)
- Electric current: Ampere (A)
Unit Prefixes
- Common prefixes:
- Tera (10^12), Giga (10^9), Mega (10^6), Kilo (10^3), Centi (10^-2), Milli (10^-3), Micro (10^-6), Nano (10^-9).
Dimensional Analysis Steps
- Write down the value you want to convert.
- Create parentheses for the conversion factors.
- Ensure units in the numerator and denominator cancel appropriately.
- Multiply out and simplify to achieve the desired units with appropriate significant figures.
Example Conversion
- To convert 8.41 × 10^6 L to gallons:
- Set up the conversion factors with L in the denominator and gal in the numerator.
- Use the known relationship 1 gal = 3.785 L to fill in numbers.
- Calculate to find the volume in gallons.### Unit Conversion and Calculations
- Ensure parentheses are correctly used in calculations to achieve a true statement.
- When multiplying units, cancel out starting units to reach desired ones.
- Significant figures must be applied in results, especially when calculations are done without a calculator.
Density and Conversion
- Density is defined as mass divided by volume, crucial for converting between mass and volume.
Time and Distance Questions
- Know conversions for time: seconds in a day (86,400 sec), hours in a year (approximately 8,760 hr).
- Understand mass conversions: 1 kg = 1,000,000 µg, and conversions between miles and kilometers (1 mile = 1.61 km).
- Be able to convert between different units of distance, such as kilometers to centimeters (1 km = 100,000 cm).
Significant Figures
- Significant figures indicate the precision of measurements; count from the first non-zero digit.
- Rules for significant figures:
- Zeroes between non-zero digits are significant (e.g., 1005 kg has four figures).
- Leading zeroes (e.g., 0.02 g) are not significant.
- Trailing zeroes are significant only if there is a decimal point (e.g., 0.0200 g has three figures).
Arithmetic with Significant Figures
- For addition/subtraction, the result should match the decimal places of the least precise measurement.
- For multiplication/division, the result should match the smallest number of significant figures among the values.
Precision vs. Accuracy
- Precision relates to the closeness of repeated measurements.
- Accuracy represents how close a measurement is to the actual value.
Percent Error
- Percent error compares the theoretical value to the actual measure and is expressed as:
- % error = ((actual - theoretical) / theoretical) × 100
Lab Safety
- Wear personal protective equipment (PPE) in the lab including lab coats, goggles, and gloves.
- Common sense should guide safety practices, avoiding risky behaviors.
Test Tube Heating
- Use appropriate holders to heat test tubes safely; avoid open flames when possible.
- Always add acid to water for dilution to prevent exothermic reactions causing spattering.
Weighing Reagents
- Always weigh reagents on weigh paper; tare the paper first for accurate measurements.
- Avoid contamination by not transferring reagents directly from containers into weigh paper.
Measuring Liquids
- Read liquid volumes at the bottom of the meniscus in graduated cylinders.
- Parallax errors occur if the measurement is viewed from an incorrect angle.
pH Meter Usage
- Calibrate the pH probe with standard buffers before use.
- Rinse and dry the probe between samples for accurate measurements.
Introduction
- Investigates levels of microbial contaminants in various makeup products.
- Research question: Assess microbial contamination in lipstick, lip gloss, eyeliners, mascaras, and beauty blenders, and associated health risks.
- Main arguments: Dropping products, using unsanitary or expired items elevates contamination risks in makeup.
Materials and Methods
- Analyzed 100 microliters from each makeup product type, inoculated on various media: NA, MSA, SMAC, SAB, VRBGA.
- Emphasized accurate measurements for product quantities and inoculation procedures.
- Two tables and two figures utilized to support data presentation and methodology.
Results
- Beauty blenders showed the highest level of microbial contamination among tested products.
- Significant microbial growth detected across all tested makeup products, presenting potential health risks.
- Results were illustrated through tables and figures, complemented by detailed explanations in the results and discussion sections.
- Figure captions clarified the comparison and information displayed, while table captions provided brief explanations of table contents.
Discussion
- Discussed specific bacterial types identified in contaminated makeup and related health concerns.
- Suggested prevention methods to mitigate contamination: avoiding makeup testers and not sharing products.
- Findings validated the initial hypothesis regarding contamination levels.
- Cited previous research connecting bacteria types and the importance of prior studies on makeup contamination reduction.
- Reiterated main findings and their implications on public health, reinforcing the need for consumer awareness regarding makeup safety practices.
Bacterial Species and Their Impact
- A small percentage of bacteria cause clinical diseases in humans.
- Bacteria play crucial roles in bioremediation, nutrient cycling, and producing substances like insulin.
- "Germs" is a common term that oversimplifies the diversity of microorganisms.
Microorganisms and Their Classification
- Microorganisms display various traits, such as morphology and movement, similar to human differences.
- Representative members of Eukarya and Bacteria will be studied, along with nonliving viruses.
- Understanding morphology and arrangements is essential for microbial identification.
Types of Bacterial Morphologies
- Bacteria typically exhibit three shapes: coccus (circular), bacillus (rod), and spirillum (spiral).
- Arrangement examples:
- Streptococcus pyogenes: chain-like (coccus).
- Staphylococcus aureus: grape-like clusters (coccus).
Microscopy Basics
- Observing microorganisms requires a microscope due to their small size.
- A bright light microscope uses visible light, with multiple objective lenses for varying magnification.
- Monocular microscope has one eyepiece; binocular microscope has two.
Operable Components of a Microscope
- Light passes from the base through a condenser onto the specimen held on a mechanical stage.
- An iris diaphragm controls light intensity; four objective lenses magnify the specimen at different levels (4X, 10X, 40X, and 100X).
- The 100X objective requires oil immersion to enhance clarity due to light refraction.
Understanding Resolution and Magnification
- Resolution is the ability to distinguish between two objects; optimal is approximately 0.2 μm with bright light microscopes.
- Electron microscopes provide higher resolution due to shorter electron wavelengths, surpassing light microscope limitations.
Specialized Microscopy Techniques
- Dark-field microscopy allows visualization of unstained living specimens against a dark background.
- Phase-contrast microscopy enhances visibility of cellular organelles and motility in living specimens.
- Fluorescence microscopy uses fluorochrome dyes to detect specific microorganisms by glowing under ultraviolet light.
Electron Microscopy Types
- Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM): Visualizes internal structures by directing electrons through the specimen.
- Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM): Highlights surface details using scattered electrons.
Microscope Care and Handling
- Always transport microscopes with care; support both the arm and base and keep it close to the body.
- Clean lenses before use with lens paper and 70% ethanol to maintain efficiency.
- Observing slides should involve both eyes open to reduce eye strain.
Post-Use Procedures
- After completing lab work, remove slides, clean lenses, and return the microscope to its designated position.
- Properly store the microscope with the arm facing forward in the cabinet to ensure safety and longevity.
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Description
This quiz offers a quick review of fundamental chemistry concepts, focusing on atoms, ions, and molecules. Explore the characteristics of these particles, how ions are formed, and their significance in chemical reactions.