General Chemistry 1: The Particulate Nature of Matter

Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes a solid?

Easily compressible.

Has no definite shape or volume.

Has a definite shape and volume. (correct)

Particles are arranged randomly.

What is an example of an extensive property?

Mass (correct)

Density

Color

Boiling point

What defines intensive properties?

They measure the effect of temperature.

They are additive properties.

They indicate a substance's identity. (correct)

They change with the size of matter.

Which of the following correctly describes gases?

They can be compressed easily. Signup and view all the answers

What is the boiling point of water irrespective of its quantity?

100 degrees Celsius Signup and view all the answers

Which property describes the resistance of matter to motion?

Mass Signup and view all the answers

How do particles in a liquid compare to those in a solid?

Less ordered and can move about each other. Signup and view all the answers

What is matter defined as?

Any material that has mass and occupies space. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these metals is attracted to magnets?

Iron Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a physical property?

Melting point of ice. Signup and view all the answers

What are diatomic molecules?

Molecules composed of two or more atoms of the same type. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a chemical property?

Flammability of gasoline. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM)?

To view and study individual atoms. Signup and view all the answers

What is an ion?

An atom or group of atoms with a net charge. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a phase change?

Rusting of iron. Signup and view all the answers

How is the size of an atom commonly expressed?

In angstroms. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of fortification in food products?

To add or improve nutrient content Signup and view all the answers

Which isotope is primarily used in heart scanning?

Thallium-201 Signup and view all the answers

What condition is associated with the excessive production of thyroid hormones?

Grave's disease Signup and view all the answers

What process uses carbon-14 to determine the age of materials?

Carbon dating Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the Kinetic Isotope Effect?

Differences in chemical reaction pathways due to isotopes Signup and view all the answers

Which radioactive isotope is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism?

Iodine-131 Signup and view all the answers

What do uranium and thorium have in common?

They are both radioactive elements found in the earth's crust Signup and view all the answers

How can a compound containing Iodine-123 be effectively utilized?

For imaging thyroid function Signup and view all the answers

What is the SI unit for measuring pressure?

Pascal Signup and view all the answers

What is the pressure exerted by gases in the atmosphere called?

Atmospheric Pressure Signup and view all the answers

How does pressure arise in gases?

From the collision of gas molecules with surfaces Signup and view all the answers

What does a barometer measure?

Gas pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is standard atmospheric pressure at sea level in atm?

1 atm Signup and view all the answers

Which instrument expands in response to low pressure and gives a dial reading?

Aneroid Barometer Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a unit equivalent to millimeters of mercury (mm Hg)?

Torr Signup and view all the answers

Who invented the first barometer?

Evangelista Torricelli Signup and view all the answers

What does Boyle's Law illustrate?

The inverse proportionality of pressure and volume for a given amount of gas at constant temperature. Signup and view all the answers

In Charles' Law, which variables are directly proportional?

Volume and temperature at constant pressure. Signup and view all the answers

What does Avogadro’s Law state?

Volume is directly proportional to the amount of gas at constant temperature. Signup and view all the answers

What can be assumed about an ideal gas?

It conforms to all gas laws under all conditions. Signup and view all the answers

What is represented by the symbol 'P' in the ideal gas law?

Pressure Signup and view all the answers

What relationship does the temperature-pressure plot demonstrate?

A linear relationship of pressure with temperature. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the pressure of a gas at constant volume when temperature increases?

It increases. Signup and view all the answers

What does the slope of different isochores on a temperature-pressure plot indicate?

The relationship between pressure and temperature for a given gas amount. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The Particulate Nature of Matter

Matter is any material with mass that occupies space.
Atoms are the fundamental building blocks of matter, indivisible and measured in angstroms (1 Å = 10^-10 meters).
There are 118 types of atoms, some naturally occurring and others artificially created.

States of Matter

Solids have a definite shape and volume; constituent particles are closely packed and ordered.
Liquids have a definite volume but conform to the shape of their container; particles are less ordered and can move more freely.
Gases have neither definite shape nor volume; particles are far apart and can be compressed easily.

Properties of Matter

Physical properties can be observed without changing the substance, such as boiling and melting points.
Chemical properties involve reactions that change the substance's identity, such as flammability and toxicity.

Intensive and Extensive Properties

Extensive properties depend on the amount of matter and include mass, volume, and length.
Intensive properties are independent of the quantity of matter, indicative of the substance's identity, such as density and boiling point.

Energy and Measurement

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) acts as the energy currency in the human body.
Caloric intake is based on a 2000-calorie daily diet, with designated levels for low and high caloric content.

Isotopes and Their Uses

Radioactive isotopes decay rapidly and have applications in medicine, such as iodine-131 for hyperthyroidism and thallium-201 for heart scans.
Carbon dating uses carbon-14 isotopes to determine the age of carbon-containing materials.

Pressure and Its Units

Pressure is defined as force per unit area, with the standard SI unit being Pascal (Pa).
Atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1 atm, equivalent to 760 mm Hg.

Gas Laws

Boyle's Law: Pressure inversely proportional to volume at constant temperature.
Charles’ Law: Volume directly proportional to temperature at constant pressure.
Avogadro’s Law: Volume directly proportional to the number of moles at constant temperature and pressure.
Ideal Gas Equation relates pressure, volume, temperature, and number of moles of gas, represented as PV = nRT.

Measurement Instruments

Barometers measure gas pressure; the aneroid barometer employs a metallic box that expands or contracts based on pressure changes.
Evangelista Torricelli invented the first barometer utilizing mercury to illustrate atmospheric pressure.

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Description

Explore the foundational concepts of matter, focusing on its particulate nature and the classification of physical and chemical properties. This quiz covers the basic units of matter, including atoms and their measurements in angstroms, as well as the changes observed in various properties.