General Characteristics of Reptiles

Skin: Covered in scales or scutes; prevents water loss.
Ectothermic: Rely on external sources for body heat.
Respiration: Lungs are the primary respiratory organs.
Reproduction: Most lay eggs; some give live birth. Amniotic eggs are common.
Limbs: Typically four limbs; some species are limbless (e.g., snakes).

Lizards
- Diverse in size and habitat.
- Can regenerate tails.
- Examples: Iguanas, chameleons.
Snakes
- Lack limbs; highly flexible bodies.
- Use a forked tongue to smell.
- Examples: Cobras, rattlesnakes.
Turtles
- Characterized by a hard shell.
- Can be aquatic, semi-aquatic, or terrestrial.
- Examples: Sea turtles, tortoises.
Crocodilians
- Include crocodiles, alligators, and caimans.
- Semi-aquatic; strong jaws and long bodies.
- Parental care of young.
Tuataras
- Unique to New Zealand; resemble lizards but belong to their own order.
- Possess a "third eye" on the top of the head.
- Slow-growing and long-lived.

Thermoregulation: Basking in the sun to regulate body temperature.
Feeding: Carnivorous, herbivorous, or omnivorous diets depending on species.
Communication: Use body language, vocalizations, and color changes.

Many reptile species are threatened due to habitat loss, climate change, and poaching.
Conservation efforts include habitat protection, breeding programs, and legal protections.

Skin covered in scales or scutes, minimizing water loss.
Ectothermic, relying on the environment for temperature regulation.
Primarily breathe with lungs, adapted for terrestrial life.
Most reproduce through egg-laying; some species exhibit live birth with amniotic eggs.
Generally possess four limbs; exceptions include limbless reptiles like snakes.

Lizards: Exhibit a wide range of sizes and habitats; notable for tail regeneration. Common examples include iguanas and chameleons.
Snakes: Characterized by a lack of limbs and notable flexibility; utilize a forked tongue for olfactory sensing. Examples include cobras and rattlesnakes.
Turtles: Known for their distinctive hard shell; may inhabit aquatic, semi-aquatic, or land environments. Examples consist of sea turtles and tortoises.
Crocodilians: Encompass crocodiles, alligators, and caimans; exhibit semi-aquatic behavior with strong jaws and elongated bodies. Known for providing parental care to their young.
Tuataras: Unique to New Zealand, resembling lizards but classified in a separate order; possess a "third eye" and are known for their slow growth and longevity.

Occupy varied habitats, including deserts, forests, freshwaters, and marine environments.
Mostly found in warm climates, but some species adapt to colder regions.
Play crucial ecological roles as predators, prey, and scavengers, contributing to ecosystem balance.

Thermoregulation: Engage in basking to maintain optimal body temperature.
Feeding Habits: Exhibit diverse diets, ranging from carnivorous to herbivorous or omnivorous, depending on species.
Communication: Employ body language, vocal sounds, and color changes to interact with each other.

A significant number of reptile species face threats from habitat destruction, climate shifts, and poaching activities.
Conservation measures include protecting habitats, implementing breeding initiatives, and establishing legal safeguards for at-risk species.

Many reptiles exhibit camouflage, enhancing their abilities for both hunting and defense.
Certain snakes possess venom, which immobilizes or subdues their prey effectively.
Turtles and crocodiles have specialized adaptations that facilitate survival in aquatic environments.

Act as natural pest control agents, particularly targeting rodent populations.
Serve as indicators of environmental health, reflecting ecosystem changes.
Play a pivotal role in food webs, functioning as both predators and prey, thereby maintaining ecological stability.