lecture 28

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Questions and Answers

What is the result of the immune system not recognizing pathogens as non-self?

Immunodeficiency (correct)

Adaptive immunity

Innate immunity

Autoimmune disease

What is the function of the inflammatory response in the innate immune system?

To produce antibodies

To provide a non-specific response

To surround and kill invading pathogens (correct)

To provide long-term protection

What is the characteristic of adaptive immunity?

Provides non-specific protection

Is always present in the body

Is a non-specific response

Results from exposure to a specific pathogen (correct)

What is the result of the immune system attacking an animal’s own cells as if they are a pathogen?

Autoimmune disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the skin microbiome in the innate immune system?

To provide physical and chemical barriers Signup and view all the answers

What are the symptoms of the inflammatory response?

Redness, heat, swelling, pain Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immune cells are responsible for regulating immunity by secreting cytokines?

Helper T cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of IgE antibodies?

Responding to immediate allergic reactions and parasitic worms Signup and view all the answers

Which disease attacks T cells, making patients vulnerable to opportunistic infections?

HIV Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of using vaccines to expose the immune system to an antigen?

Immunization Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of memory T cells in the immune response?

Remaining in the body to jump-start an immune response to a previously encountered antigen Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for immunity that is acquired through the use of vaccines or exposure to an antigen?

Acquired immunity Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of helper T cells in cell-mediated immunity?

To release cytokines to attract Cytotoxic T cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the key feature of adaptive immunity that distinguishes it from innate immunity?

Recognition of specific antigens Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immune response involves the production of antibodies against a specific antigen?

Antibody-mediated (humoral) immunity Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Cytotoxic T cells in cell-mediated immunity?

To directly destroy infected cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a large protein structure recognized as a foreign body by the immune system?

Antigen Signup and view all the answers

Which immune response pathway involves the direct destruction of infected cells by T-cells?

Cell-mediated immunity Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Immune System Overview

Immunity can be categorized into innate and adaptive immunity.
Innate immunity provides non-specific protection against infections without prior exposure.
Adaptive immunity is specific to particular pathogens and develops after exposure.

Adaptive Immune System Components

Cytotoxic T Cells: Specialized T lymphocytes containing perforins and granzymes, which induce apoptosis in infected cells.
Helper T Cells: Regulate immunity by secreting cytokines; crucial in B cell activation.
B Lymphocytes: Require T cell help for activation, cannot activate independently.
Memory T Cells: Remain in the body, enabling rapid immune response to previously encountered antigens.

Immunoglobulins

IgD: Indicates readiness of B cells.
IgE: Mediates immediate allergic responses and offers protection against certain parasitic worms.

Acquired Immunity

Immunization: Involves exposure to antigens through vaccines, stimulating the immune response.
Vaccines: Composed of either weakened or inactivated pathogens or genetically engineered components (e.g., Hepatitis B, Malaria).
Active Immunity: Induced by vaccination, enhances the body’s ability to combat infections.

Antigens and Immune Response

Antigens: Large protein structures recognized by the immune system as foreign, derived from bacteria, viruses, molds, and parasites.
Lymphocytes: Each B and T cell has specific receptors for distinct antigens, operating like a lock and key.

Immunity Pathways

Cell-Mediated Immunity:
- T cells target and destroy cells presenting specific antigens.
- Helper T cells release cytokines to recruit Cytotoxic T cells to infection sites.
Antibody-Mediated (Humoral) Immunity: Involves B cells producing antibodies to neutralize pathogens.

Innate Immune System Mechanisms

Physical and Chemical Barriers: Include skin, skin microbiome, and mucus membranes, which provide initial defense against infections.
Inflammatory Response: Activated by pathogens, involves neutrophils and macrophages to eliminate invaders. Symptoms include redness, heat, swelling, and pain.

Pathological Conditions

Autoimmune Diseases: Occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own cells.
Immunodeficiency: Results from the immune system's failure to recognize pathogens, leading to increased susceptibility to infections.

Pathogens

Infectious agents include bacteria, viruses, fungi, protists, worms, and other parasites.

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