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Questions and Answers
What is the correct composition of atomic mass?
What is the correct composition of atomic mass?
Which component plays a role in regulating membrane fluidity?
Which component plays a role in regulating membrane fluidity?
What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy the second energy shell of an atom?
What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy the second energy shell of an atom?
Which of the following is a characteristic of amphipathic molecules?
Which of the following is a characteristic of amphipathic molecules?
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Which of these classifications represents the smallest unit of life?
Which of these classifications represents the smallest unit of life?
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Which pair correctly defines a disaccharide?
Which pair correctly defines a disaccharide?
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Which of the following correctly describes a monosaccharide?
Which of the following correctly describes a monosaccharide?
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Which subatomic particles are located in the nucleus of an atom?
Which subatomic particles are located in the nucleus of an atom?
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What is the primary function of photosynthesis?
What is the primary function of photosynthesis?
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Which process is responsible for producing lactate?
Which process is responsible for producing lactate?
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Where does glycolysis occur in the cell?
Where does glycolysis occur in the cell?
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How many ATP molecules are generated during glycolysis from one molecule of glucose?
How many ATP molecules are generated during glycolysis from one molecule of glucose?
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What is the end product of the Krebs Cycle for each molecule of glucose?
What is the end product of the Krebs Cycle for each molecule of glucose?
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What does a codon consist of?
What does a codon consist of?
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What defines a heterozygote?
What defines a heterozygote?
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Which process occurs in the absence of oxygen?
Which process occurs in the absence of oxygen?
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How many covalent bonds can nitrogen form with other elements?
How many covalent bonds can nitrogen form with other elements?
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What is the primary storage form of glucose in animals?
What is the primary storage form of glucose in animals?
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What defines a polar covalent bond?
What defines a polar covalent bond?
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Which structure is found in plant cells but not in animal cells?
Which structure is found in plant cells but not in animal cells?
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What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
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Which of the following molecules lowers activation energy to help catalyze reactions?
Which of the following molecules lowers activation energy to help catalyze reactions?
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How do prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic cells?
How do prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic cells?
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What are the steps of the scientific method?
What are the steps of the scientific method?
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Study Notes
General Biology I - Final Exam Study Guide
- Essential Elements in Living Organisms: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
- Subatomic Particles: Protons, Neutrons, Electrons
- Location of Protons and Neutrons: Nucleus
- Atomic Mass: Sum of protons and neutrons
- Atomic Number: Number of protons (equal to number of electrons)
- Scientific Names: Latin, Genus species (e.g., Homo sapiens, Staphylococcus aureus) - Genus capitalized, species lowercase.
Cell Structure and Function
- Plasma Membrane Components: Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids (primarily phospholipids) - Phospholipids form a bilayer.
- Membrane Function: Separates internal and external environments, controls transport, temperature regulation.
- Amphipathic Molecules: Have both hydrophilic (water-loving) and hydrophobic (water-fearing) parts, key for membrane structure.
- Electron Shells: First shell holds up to 2 electrons, second shell holds up to 8 electrons.
- Molecule Composition: Molecules are made of atoms.
- Smallest Unit of Life: Cell
- Smallest Level of Organization: Atom.
Carbohydrates
- Monosaccharides: Simple sugars (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose) - Building blocks of carbohydrates
- Disaccharides: Two monosaccharides linked (e.g., sucrose, maltose, lactose).
- Polysaccharides: Many monosaccharides linked (e.g., glycogen, starch, cellulose) - Larger complex carbohydrate molecules
- Largest Carbohydrate Molecule: Polysaccharide, followed by larger Disaccharides, and Monosaccharides.
Chemical Bonding
- Nitrogen Bonds: 3 bonds
- Carbon Bonds: 4 bonds
Cell Biology
- Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic: Prokaryotic cells have no membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotic cells do.
- Organic Molecules: Contain carbon and hydrogen; examples include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
- Organelles: Components within eukaryotic cells, each with specific functions.
- Mitochondria: Site of cellular respiration.
- Hypertonic Solutions: Higher solute concentration, water flows out of cell.
- Hypotonic Solutions: Lower solute concentration, water flows into cell.
Cell Processes
- Transcription: Conversion of DNA to RNA
- Translation: Conversion of RNA to protein
- Codon: Three-nucleotide sequence that codes for an amino acid.
- Nucleotides: Building blocks of DNA and RNA.
- DNA & RNA Differences: Sugar type, nitrogenous bases (RNA has uracil instead of thymine).
- Gene: Segment of DNA that codes for a protein.
- Meiosis: Cell division that produces gametes (sex cells).
- Mitosis: Cell division that produces somatic cells.
- Phases of Mitosis and Meiosis: The steps of the cell division processes.
Cellular Respiration
- ATP and NADH Production: ATP is the energy currency of the cell.
- Cellular Respiration Location: Glycolysis in the cytoplasm, Krebs cycle and Electron Transport Chain (ETC) in the mitochondria.
Biological Terms and Processes
- Population: Group of interacting organisms of the same species.
- Organism: Living thing performing life functions.
- Ecosystem: Community of living and non-living environment.
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Prepare for your General Biology I final exam with this comprehensive study guide. Cover essential elements, subatomic particles, cell structure, and membrane function to ensure you understand the key biological concepts. Test your knowledge and readiness for the exam!
