General Biology 2nd Quarter Mastery Test
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following molecules contains high energy phosphate bonds?

  • NADPH
  • ATP (correct)
  • NADH
  • FADH2
  • Which stage of cellular respiration produces the highest amount of ATP?

  • Electron Transport Chain (correct)
  • Glycolysis
  • Calvin Cycle
  • Kreb's Cycle
  • Which event does not occur during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

  • Photolysis
  • Chemiosmosis
  • Carbon fixation (correct)
  • Electron transport chain
  • What are the three components of an ATP molecule?

    <p>Adenine, phosphate group, ribose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process occurs when ATP releases its stored energy?

    <p>Hydrolysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the primary byproduct of the Kreb's Cycle?

    <p>Carbon dioxide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do electron transport chains play in cells?

    <p>Generate proton gradients (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule serves as the main energy currency in cells?

    <p>ATP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary products of anaerobic respiration?

    <p>Carbon dioxide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the process of photosynthesis?

    <p>Pigments in photosystem II absorb light (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes requires energy derived from ATP?

    <p>Regeneration of RUBP in the Calvin cycle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these industrial processes utilizes anaerobic respiration?

    <p>Making beer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes is NOT powered by ATP in humans?

    <p>Protein synthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which metabolic pathway is malate transformed into oxaloacetate?

    <p>Krebs cycle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of removing a phosphate group from ATP?

    <p>ATP becomes ADP, releasing energy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key function of ATP during cellular processes?

    <p>It releases energy for cellular functions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function does ATP primarily serve in a cell?

    <p>Carrying a readily usable form of energy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which components are involved in the process of active transport in humans?

    <p>ATP and membrane proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly represents products of anaerobic respiration?

    <p>Carbon dioxide and alcohol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process directly consumes energy from ATP?

    <p>Regeneration of RUBP (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do plants specifically initiate the process of photosynthesis?

    <p>Absorbing light in pigments of photosystem II (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does anaerobic respiration affect carbon dioxide levels?

    <p>It increases carbon dioxide levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which paired functions utilize ATP in human cells?

    <p>Active transport and cell division (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about ATP is correct?

    <p>ATP stores energy by adding phosphate groups (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the electron transport chain in the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis?

    <p>Production of NADPH (A), Production of oxygen molecules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In non-cyclic photophosphorylation, what is the ultimate acceptor of electrons produced from the splitting of water?

    <p>NADP+ reductase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many molecules of ATP and NADPH are required in the Calvin cycle to reduce six molecules of carbon dioxide to glucose?

    <p>18 ATP and 12 NADPH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following molecules is produced specifically during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

    <p>Oxygen (A), NADPH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During photosynthesis, where does the electron transport chain primarily occur?

    <p>In the thylakoid membranes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of producing NADPH during photosynthesis?

    <p>To act as a reducing agent in the Calvin cycle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a product of the light-dependent reactions?

    <p>Glucose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the Calvin cycle, what does RUBP stand for?

    <p>Ribulose bisphosphate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many turns of the Kreb's cycle can be accomplished using three molecules of glucose?

    <p>Four times (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of cellular respiration is primarily responsible for increased sweat secretion in a football player?

    <p>Electron transport chain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many ATP are produced from one molecule of glucose during the electron transport chain only?

    <p>38 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If two molecules of pyruvate are used instead of one glucose molecule in an aerobic eukaryotic cell, what would be the net output of ATP after complete metabolism?

    <p>36 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary end product of glycolysis from one molecule of glucose?

    <p>Pyruvate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes occurs in the mitochondria?

    <p>Electron transport chain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the carbon atoms from glucose during cellular respiration?

    <p>They are released as carbon dioxide. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of oxygen in the electron transport chain?

    <p>To act as a final electron acceptor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced when the electrons leave the electron transport chain and bind to the final electron acceptor?

    <p>H2O (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the resulting product from the oxidation of a single pyruvate molecule during the Kreb's cycle?

    <p>3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP, 2 CO2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct order of the transformation of compounds during the Kreb's cycle?

    <p>citrate → alpha-ketoglutarate → succinate → malate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many carbon dioxide molecules are released during the oxidation of one pyruvate molecule in the Kreb's cycle?

    <p>2 CO2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electron carrier is produced in the Kreb's cycle?

    <p>NADH (B), FADH2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the Kreb's cycle, which compound is formed first from acetyl-CoA?

    <p>citrate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which cellular process does the electron transport chain primarily occur?

    <p>Oxidative Phosphorylation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the electron transport chain in terms of ATP production?

    <p>Maximum ATP production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    ATP molecule parts

    An ATP molecule consists of adenine, a phosphate group, and ribose.

    ATP energy release

    ATP releases energy when a phosphate bond is broken, becoming ADP.

    High energy phosphate bonds

    High-energy phosphate bonds are found in ATP.

    Most ATP in cellular respiration

    The electron transport chain produces the most ATP in cellular respiration.

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    Photosynthesis light-dependent reaction

    Electron transport chain and photolysis occur in light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis, but not carbon fixation.

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    Cellular respiration stage with most ATP

    The electron transport chain produces the most ATP in cellular respiration.

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    Photosynthesis light-dependent reaction

    The part of photosynthesis that uses light to make energy-carrying molecules ATP and NADPH.

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    Molecules with high energy phosphate bonds

    ATP is a molecule that has high energy phosphate bonds.

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    ATP Role in Humans

    ATP provides readily usable energy for various human processes.

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    ATP Functions in Humans

    ATP powers active transport, cell division, and muscle contraction.

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    ATP Structure: Phosphate Removal

    ATP releases energy by removing a phosphate group.

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    ATP Structure: Phosphate Addition

    ATP stores energy by adding a phosphate group.

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    Photosynthesis: Starting Event

    Photosystem II absorbing light starts photosynthesis.

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    Photosynthesis Light Absorption

    Photosystem II absorbs light to begin photosynthesis.

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    Photosynthesis: Incorrect Statement (General)

    The question asks for a wrong statement about photosynthesis. The answer choices are needed to identify the incorrect statement.

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    Photosynthesis: Light Absorption

    Light absorption is essential for the start of photosynthesis.

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    Electron Transport Chain in Photosynthesis

    In the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, the electron transport chain is a series of protein complexes that use light energy to move electrons, ultimately creating ATP and NADPH.

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    What does the electron transport chain in photosynthesis produce?

    The electron transport chain in photosynthesis produces ATP and NADPH, both of which are essential for the Calvin cycle to produce glucose.

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    Non-cyclic Photophosphorylation: Electron Acceptor

    In non-cyclic photophosphorylation, the final electron acceptor is NADP+ reductase, an enzyme that reduces NADP+ to NADPH.

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    Calvin Cycle Inputs

    The Calvin cycle, the light-independent stage of photosynthesis, requires 18 ATP and 12 NADPH molecules to fix six molecules of carbon dioxide into glucose and regenerate 6 RuBP.

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    Calvin Cycle Steps

    The Calvin cycle involves a series of steps: 1. Carbon dioxide fixation: CO2 is added to RuBP. 2. Reduction: NADPH provides electrons to reduce 3-PGA. 3. Regeneration: RuBP is regenerated using ATP.

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    What does the Calvin cycle produce?

    The Calvin cycle produces glucose, a six-carbon sugar, using energy stored in ATP and NADPH.

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    Oxygen Production in Photosynthesis

    During the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, the splitting of water molecules releases oxygen as a byproduct.

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    Photosynthesis: Light-Dependent vs. Light-Independent

    The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis capture light energy to produce ATP and NADPH, while the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle) use these energy molecules to make sugar.

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    Kreb's Cycle Turns per Glucose

    Three glucose molecules go through glycolysis, producing six pyruvate molecules. Each pyruvate produces one acetyl-CoA, entering the Kreb's cycle once. So, six pyruvate lead to six turns of the Kreb's cycle.

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    Cellular Respiration Stage for Sweating

    The electron transport chain pumps protons across the membrane, creating an electrochemical gradient. This process generates heat, leading to sweating, especially during exertion.

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    ATP from Electron Transport Chain

    The electron transport chain generates approximately 32 ATP molecules per glucose molecule. This is the highest ATP yield in cellular respiration.

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    Pyruvate Input vs Glucose

    Two pyruvate molecules provide the same net ATP as one glucose molecule (36 ATP). This is because pyruvate bypasses glycolysis, which produces 2 ATP.

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    Glycolysis to Pyruvate

    One molecule of glucose yields two pyruvate molecules during glycolysis.

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    ATP Yield from Complete Glucose Breakdown

    A single glucose molecule yields 38 ATP molecules through complete aerobic cellular respiration.

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    Aerobic Respiration

    Aerobic respiration requires oxygen as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, producing the most ATP from glucose.

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    Anaerobic Respiration

    Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen and produces fewer ATP molecules per glucose molecule. It uses electron acceptors other than oxygen.

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    Final Electron Acceptor

    The molecule that accepts electrons at the end of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration, reducing itself and producing water (H2O).

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    Kreb's Cycle Products

    The Kreb's cycle (also known as the citric acid cycle) produces 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP, and 2 CO2 molecules for each pyruvate molecule oxidized.

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    Kreb's Cycle Order

    The correct order of compounds during the Kreb's cycle is: citrate, isocitrate, alpha-ketoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate.

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    Electron Transport Chain and ATP

    The electron transport chain in cellular respiration utilizes the energy from electron movement to pump protons across a membrane, creating a concentration gradient. This gradient is then used by ATP synthase to produce ATP.

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    Pyruvate Oxidation

    Pyruvate, a product of glycolysis, is oxidized to acetyl-CoA in the link reaction, producing NADH and releasing carbon dioxide.

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    Cellular Respiration: Energy Yield

    The complete breakdown of glucose through cellular respiration yields roughly 38 ATP molecules, with the electron transport chain contributing the majority of the ATP.

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    Glycolysis

    Glycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration, where glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate, generating a small amount of ATP and NADH.

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    Cellular Respiration Pathway

    Cellular respiration consists of four main stages: glycolysis, link reaction (or pyruvate oxidation), Kreb's cycle, and electron transport chain.

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    Energy-consuming processes

    These are processes that require ATP to occur, meaning they use energy from the breakdown of ATP molecules.

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    Breakdown of glucose

    This is the first stage of cellular respiration, where glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate. It requires energy from ATP.

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    RUBP regeneration

    This is a key step in the Calvin cycle, where the molecule RuBP is regenerated from other molecules. It requires ATP.

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    Malate to oxaloacetate

    This is a step in the Krebs cycle where the molecule malate is converted into oxaloacetate. This process uses energy from ATP.

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    Bread-making using anaerobic respiration

    Yeast, a type of fungus, performs anaerobic respiration to produce carbon dioxide and alcohol, which causes dough to rise.

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    Yogurt-making using anaerobic respiration

    Bacteria in yogurt use anaerobic respiration to produce lactic acid, which gives yogurt its sour taste and thick texture.

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    Beer-making using anaerobic respiration

    Yeast converts sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide during the anaerobic respiration process, which gives beer its alcoholic content and its carbonation.

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    Study Notes

    General Biology 2nd Quarter Mastery Test - Multiple Choice

    • High-energy phosphate bonds: Found in ATP, not NADH, NADPH, or FADH2.
    • Most ATP in cellular respiration: Produced during the electron transport chain.
    • Light-dependent reaction (photosynthesis): Photolysis (splitting water) is part of this reaction; photoreduction is not.
    • ATP molecule parts: Adenine, phosphate group, and ribose.
    • ATP energy release: Removing a phosphate group releases energy.
    • ATP in human functions: Used for active transport, muscle contraction, and other cellular processes.
    • Photosynthesis start: Absorption of light by pigments in photosystem II.
    • Inaccurate photosynthesis statement: All stages of photosynthesis do not require light.
    • Plant experiments and conclusions: Different plants require different light amounts, not water.
    • Light-dependent reaction steps: Light absorption by photosystem II, electron transport chain, and ATP production via photolysis. Producing high energy sugars is a light-independent reaction.
    • Visible spectrum and chlorophyll: Chlorophyll absorbs mostly violet and red light, and reflects green light causing plants to appear green.
    • Chlorophyll function: Chlorophyll absorbs light energy and facilitates in the splitting of water molecules. It is essential for photosynthesis and is dominantly green in colour, absorbs light energy during photosynthesis.
    • Calvin Cycle (light-independent): Process involving the conversion of carbon dioxide into glucose using ATP and NADPH.
    • Calvin Cycle Steps: Carbon dioxide enters, combines with RuBP, forms PGA, and eventually glucose.
    • ATP and NADPH in Calvin cycle: Required to reduce carbon dioxide into glucose.
    • Carbon dioxide removal: Removal of carbon dioxide would prevent sugar production.
    • Cellular Respiration equation: Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
    • Aerobic/Anaerobic respiration similarity: Both processes utilize glycolysis.
    • Glycolysis location: Cytoplasm.
    • Cellular respiration steps: Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain.
    • Pyruvate fate (aerobic): Enters the mitochondria for the Krebs cycle.
    • Kreb's cycle enzyme: Citrate synthase is an enzyme in the Krebs cycle.
    • Aerobic vs. Anaerobic respiration: Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, anaerobic respiration does not.
    • Glycolysis role: Part of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
    • ATP production in cellular respiration: 36-38 ATP molecules are generated per glucose molecule in aerobic respiration.
    • Cellular respiration products: Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.
    • Causes of muscle cramps: Accumulated lactic acid during intense exercises as a result of oxygen scarcity in the muscle.

    Additional Concepts

    • Photosynthesis vs Cellular respiration: Photosynthesis converts light energy to chemical energy; Cellular respiration releases chemical energy for work.
    • Electron transport chain (ETC): Series of protein complexes that carry electrons to generate ATP during both cellular respiration and photosynthesis
    • Pyruvate processing (before Krebs): A crucial step converting pyruvate from glycolysis into Acetyl-CoA to provide substrates to the Krebs cycle.
    • Fermentation process: Provides ATP anaerobically. Produces ethanol or lactic acid and reduces cellular energy production.
    • Role of water in photosynthesis: Water is the source of electrons and hydrogen ions during light-dependent reactions.
    • Factors affecting photosynthesis/respiration: Light intensity, CO2 levels, temperature, water, and oxygen levels affect both processes.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on key concepts in biology, including cellular respiration, photosynthesis, and the structure and function of ATP. This multiple-choice quiz covers various aspects of energy transfer and the roles of different molecules in biological processes. Perfect for students preparing for their 2nd-quarter exams.

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