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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump?
What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump?
- To transport sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell (correct)
- To move ions with their concentration gradient
- To transport sodium ions into the cell
- To facilitate passive transport of molecules
What source of energy does the sodium-potassium pump utilize?
What source of energy does the sodium-potassium pump utilize?
- Energy from light photons
- Energy from glucose metabolism
- Energy from passive diffusion
- Energy from ATP hydrolysis (correct)
Which process involves the release of large molecules from a cell into the extracellular space?
Which process involves the release of large molecules from a cell into the extracellular space?
- Exocytosis (correct)
- Endocytosis
- Facilitated diffusion
- Passive transport
How does exocytosis primarily accomplish the release of substances?
How does exocytosis primarily accomplish the release of substances?
What role does primary active transport play with respect to ion balance in cells?
What role does primary active transport play with respect to ion balance in cells?
What is the chromosome number in cells produced by meiotic division?
What is the chromosome number in cells produced by meiotic division?
Which of the following best describes the process of mitosis?
Which of the following best describes the process of mitosis?
Which process allows for genetic diversity in offspring?
Which process allows for genetic diversity in offspring?
What is the main application of mitosis in organisms?
What is the main application of mitosis in organisms?
What happens during the crossing over process in meiosis?
What happens during the crossing over process in meiosis?
Who discovered the process of meiosis?
Who discovered the process of meiosis?
Which phase occurs during both mitosis and meiosis?
Which phase occurs during both mitosis and meiosis?
What type of reproduction is exemplified by the budding process in organisms like hydra?
What type of reproduction is exemplified by the budding process in organisms like hydra?
What is the primary function of peroxisomes?
What is the primary function of peroxisomes?
How do peroxisomes compare in size to centrosomes?
How do peroxisomes compare in size to centrosomes?
What shape do peroxisomes typically have?
What shape do peroxisomes typically have?
What distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?
What distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?
What is a notable feature of the cell wall in eukaryotic cells?
What is a notable feature of the cell wall in eukaryotic cells?
What is diffusion?
What is diffusion?
Which type of protein allows for the selective passage of ions and small polar molecules?
Which type of protein allows for the selective passage of ions and small polar molecules?
How do carrier proteins function in passive transport?
How do carrier proteins function in passive transport?
What is the role of transport proteins in passive transport?
What is the role of transport proteins in passive transport?
What is an example of a channel protein?
What is an example of a channel protein?
Which statement about diffusion is correct?
Which statement about diffusion is correct?
What distinguishes carrier proteins from channel proteins?
What distinguishes carrier proteins from channel proteins?
What is meant by the term 'concentration gradient'?
What is meant by the term 'concentration gradient'?
What material predominantly makes up chromatin?
What material predominantly makes up chromatin?
Which characteristic is true for prokaryotic cells?
Which characteristic is true for prokaryotic cells?
What function does the cytoskeleton serve in a cell?
What function does the cytoskeleton serve in a cell?
Which of the following classifications includes prokaryotic organisms?
Which of the following classifications includes prokaryotic organisms?
Which component is NOT typically found in prokaryotic cells?
Which component is NOT typically found in prokaryotic cells?
What additional layer may some prokaryotes possess?
What additional layer may some prokaryotes possess?
Which statement best describes ribosomes in prokaryotic cells?
Which statement best describes ribosomes in prokaryotic cells?
How does the DNA in prokaryotic cells differ compared to eukaryotic cells?
How does the DNA in prokaryotic cells differ compared to eukaryotic cells?
What role do flagella serve in some prokaryotic cells?
What role do flagella serve in some prokaryotic cells?
What is a significant difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
What is a significant difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
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Study Notes
Primary Active Transport
- Direct energy usage to transport molecules or ions against their concentration gradient.
- Transmembrane proteins, known as pumps, facilitate this process.
- Key example: Sodium-potassium pump (Na+/K+ pump) transports sodium (Na+) out and potassium (K+) into cells.
- The pump relies on ATP hydrolysis to function, essential for maintaining ion balance and electrical potential across membranes.
Exocytosis
- Opposite of endocytosis, allowing large molecules to exit the cell.
- Merges secretory vesicles containing materials with the cell membrane, releasing contents into extracellular space.
- Vital for secreting hormones, neurotransmitters, digestive enzymes, and incorporating new membrane components.
Mitosis
- Produces identical cells for growth, repair, and reproduction.
- Results in no pairing of homologous chromosomes, no crossing over.
- Stages: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.
- Applications include:
- Development and growth from a single cell.
- Constant replacement of cells (e.g., red blood cells have a lifespan of about four months).
- Repair of damaged tissues (e.g., starfish regenerating lost arms).
- Asexual reproduction in organisms like hydra, which reproduce by budding.
Meiosis
- Involves disjunction, reducing chromosome number by half.
- Promotes genetic diversity through sexual reproduction.
- Stages: Prophase I & II, Metaphase I & II, Anaphase I & II, Telophase I & II.
Types of Passive Transport
- Facilitates movement of substances across membranes without energy use.
- Includes diffusion, where solutes move from high to low concentration down their gradient.
Types of Transport Proteins
- Channel Proteins:
- Form pores to allow specific ions or polar molecules to pass through.
- Highly selective; example: aquaporin facilitates water movement.
- Carrier Proteins:
- Bind to specific molecules, undergo conformational changes to transport them across the membrane.
Prokaryotic Cells
- Simple cellular structure, typically very small.
- DNA is not enclosed in a membrane.
- Common features: Ribosomes, cytoplasm, some may have a protective capsule, and flagella for movement.
Differences Between Animal Cells and Plant Cells
- Size: Animal cells generally smaller; plant cells larger.
- Shape: Animal cells are round; plant cells are rectangular (fixed).
- Cell Wall: Animal cells lack a cell wall; plant cells are enclosed by one.
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