Gene Regulation and Operons

<p>miRNAs can either trigger the degradation of target mRNAs or block their translation, depending on the degree of sequence complementarity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both bind to target mRNAs, leading to either degradation or translational repression. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It acts as a regulatory element that can activate or repress multiple genes involved in a metabolic pathway. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It acts as a stimulant, activating the repressor protein and repressing transcription. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The inducer (lactose) binds to the repressor, inactivating it and allowing transcription of the <em>lac</em> genes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The <em>trp</em> operon is a repressible operon, while the <em>lac</em> operon is an inducible operon. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The precise control of gene expression through complex regulatory networks, similar to those observed in eukaryotes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It serves as a regulatory element that can be activated or repressed, controlling access to the promoter. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The repressor binds to tryptophan, becoming activated and repressing transcription of the <em>trp</em> genes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucose indirectly inactivates the inducer (lactose), preventing its ability to remove the repressor from the operator. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The use of cytoplasmic determinants in cell specification (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It cuts specific DNA sequences guided by an RNA molecule (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Organizing the spatial arrangement of tissues and organs along major axes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The formation of hairpin loops in miRNA production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chromatin modification affects transcription initiation by altering the accessibility of DNA to transcription factors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide positional information to cells, influencing their fate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The inner cell mass gives rise to the embryo proper, while the trophoblast contributes to the formation of the placenta. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By introducing a premature stop codon into the target gene using Cas9 guided by an RNA molecule. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Translational control (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prokaryotic genes are regulated by operons, whereas eukaryotic genes are not. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>cAMP activates the CAP protein, which then binds to the <em>lac</em> promoter, enhancing RNA polymerase binding. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Methylation of cytosine bases in the promoter region of the gene. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To allow cells to specialize in their functions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of turning genes on or off in response to internal or external signals.

The study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code.

A cluster of genes under coordinated regulation by a single promoter, allowing coordinated expression.

A DNA sequence that initiates gene transcription by providing a binding site for RNA polymerase.

A protein that binds to an operator to prevent transcription of genes in an operon.

An operon that is usually active but can be turned off when a specific molecule is present (e.g., Trp Operon).

An operon that is usually inactive but can be turned on in the presence of a specific molecule (e.g., Lac Operon).

A site on a protein that can bind a molecule, changing the protein's shape and function (e.g., binds corepressor).

Helps separate nucleosomes, impacting gene expression.

Chemical changes to histone tails affect gene expression: acetylation/phosphorylation loosen, methylation condenses.

Process where activators bind to DNA, regulating transcription initiation through control elements.

Large protein complexes that degrade unneeded proteins marked with ubiquitin tags.

Small RNAs that can bind to mRNA to block translation or cause degradation.

A method where genes are turned off by a repressor protein.

Involves CAP activating transcription when glucose is low.

Each gene has individual control; no operons in eukaryotes.

Adjustments made to DNA that affect gene expression.

The process where different genes are expressed in various cell types.

A technology that allows precise editing of DNA sequences.

An RNA-guided enzyme that cuts DNA at specific locations.

Process where a fertilized egg develops into various cell types.

The arrangement of tissues and organs in an organism.

Control of the process that converts DNA to RNA.

A process that converts primary RNA into different mRNA variants.

Process by which mRNA is broken down, affecting its lifespan.